Table 1:
Demographic Information by Group, mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated
| HOA (n=34) | LLD (n=34) | Group differences | Effect size ± | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 70.15 (6.07) | 67.21 (9.09) | t(56)=1.48, p=.145 | d=.−380 |
| Highest Educational Level (years) | 16.41 (3.01) | 15.92 (2.75) | t(56)=.640, p=.525 | d=−.170 |
| Sex (m,f), n | 13,21 | 8,16 | X2=.146, p=.786 | - |
| Ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other), n | 8, 24, 0, 2 | 8, 14, 2, 0 | X2=5.06, p=.168 | - |
| FSRP Total | 11.50 (4.27) | 11.25 (3.93) | t(56)=.227, p=.821 | d=−.061 |
| Diabetic (y,n), n | 7,27 | 9,15 | X2=2.01, p=.233 | - |
| HA1c | 5.93 (.737) | 6.31 (1.10) | t(56)=−1.58, p=. 119 | d=.406 |
| Body mass index | 26.99 (4.56) | 29.23 (6.81) | t(56)=−1.51, p=.138 | d=.387 |
| Waist circumferences (cm) | 94.00 (13.93) | 100.85 (19.27) | t(56)=−.661, p=.525 | d=.407 |
| Smoker (y,n) n | 5, 29 | 3, 21 | X2=.058, p=.801 | - |
| Pro-inflammatory Cytokines | ||||
| IL-1β | 1.52 (.699) | 2.38 (1.03) | U(56)=180.5, p<.001 | d=.977 |
| TNF-α | 3.09 (1.40) | 4.05 (2.16) | U(56)=325.5, p=.193 | d=.527 |
| IL-6 | 1.24 (.443) | 2.03 (1.22) | U(56)=201.5, p=.001 | d=.861 |
| Depression Scales | ||||
| HDRS | 1.41 (1.83) | 18.96 (3.29) | U(56)=.00, p<.001 | d=6.59 |
| Range 0–6 | Range 15–27 | |||
| CESD | 5.85 (5.67) | 31.67 (9.48) | U(56)=9.0, p<.001 | d=3.31 |
| GDS | 2.10 (2.78) | 18.86 (5.80) | U(56)=4.0, p<.001 | d=3.69 |
| Cognitive Function | ||||
| Learning z-score | −.046 (.816) | .065 (.807) | t(56)=−.510, p=.612 | d=.137 |
| Memory z-score | −.096 (.717) | .136 (.882) | t(56)=−1.11, p=.274 | d<.001 |
FSRP=Framingham Stroke Risk Profile score; HA1c=Hemoglobin A1c; HDRS= Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CESD=Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; GDS=Geriatric Depression Scale; IL-1β=interleukin 1β; TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6=interleukin 6
±
Effect size= Cohen’s d; Negative values indicate that LLD>HOA