Table 1.
Participant Characteristics Stratified by Frailty Status.
| Variable | Non-frail (n = 378, 49.5%) | Frail (n = 385, 50.5%) | Total (n = 763, 100%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 72.40 (6.2) | 73.33 (7.3) | 72.87 (6.8) | .190 |
| Male, n (%) | 372 (98.4) | 378 (98.2) | 750 (98.3) | .805 |
| Married, n (%) | 210 (55.5) | 158 (41.0) | 368 (48.2) | <.0001 |
| Caucasian n (%) | 219 (57.9) | 214 (55.6) | 433 (56.7) | .512 |
| Non-Hispanic, n (%) | 284 (75.1) | 304 (79.0) | 588 (77.1) | .208 |
| Median household income, $ (SD) | 54,004 (25,068) | 50,877 (22,883) | 52,426 (24,026) | .100 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.82 (5.2) | 30.07 (6.0) | 29.95 (5.6) | .542 |
| Diabetes with end organ damage, n (%)a | 107 (28.3) | 140 (36.4) | 247 (32.4) | .017 |
| Duration of diabetes, y (SD) | 8.46 (5.4) | 9.48 (5.2) | 8.97 (5.6) | .009 |
| More than five medications, n (%) | 344 (91.0) | 380 (98.7) | 724 (94.9) | <.0001 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 225 (59.5) | 161 (41.8) | 386 (50.6) | <.0001 |
| Insulin or sulfonylurea, n (%) | 189 (50.0) | 221 (57.4) | 410 (53.7) | .040 |
| Glycemic control | ||||
| Tight (HbA1c ≤ 7), n (%) | 219 (57.9) | 202 (52.5) | 421 (55.2) | .146 |
| Intermediate (HbA1c > 7, <9), n (%) | 128 (33.9) | 137 (35.6) | 265 (34.7) | |
| Poor (HbA1c ≥ 9), n (%) | 31 (8.2) | 46 (11.9) | 77 (10.1) | |
| Frailty Index, mean (SD) | 16 (.03) | .28 (.06) | 0.22 (0.07) | <.0001 |
| Charlson CI, mean (SD) | 5.75 (1.65) | 6.91 (2.00) | 6.33 (1.93) | <.0001 |
Note. n = number of participants; BMI= body mass index; CI = confidence interval.
a
Diabetes with end organ damage: Patients diagnosed with one or more of the following diagnosis: retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Mann–Whitney U test (for non-normally distributed variables) and chi-square for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively. Significant differences between metformin groups are in bold (p < .05).