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. 2020 Apr 15;10(11):5160–5178. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6246

FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 6

A conceptual model predicting major categories of ungulate mating systems based on environmental and social factors. Examples of specific ungulates are provided in the text. Positive signs (+) indicate greater resource quality, greater ability of males to defend resources, increased ruggedness of terrain, greater ability of a male to defend a female from competitors, and higher density of animals and larger group size. Negative signs (−) indicate the converse of those measures