Fig. 5.

High glucose concentrations exacerbate trained immunity induced by oxLDL. a Monocytes were incubated for 24 h with culture medium (open bars) or oxLDL (closed bars) in culture medium supplemented with 25 mM glucose or 5 mM glucose and 20 mM mannitol. Cells were then washed with warm PBS and incubated in normal culture medium supplemented with 6 mM glucose. Following 5 days in culture, the cells were restimulated with medium alone or 10 ng/mL LPS for 24 h and TNF-α production was measured in the supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mean ± SEM, n = 20, *p < 0.05, Student’s t test). b TNF-α production by cells isolated from the same individual and trained with oxLDL in medium supplemented with 5 mM glucose and 25 mM glucose (n = 20, *p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test)