Table 4.

Analysis of publication bias

Outcome	No. studies	Egger’s test				Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Filla
						Studies trimmed	Observed effect size		Adjusted effect size
		β	SE	95% CI	p value		Hedges g	95% CI	Hedges g	95% CI
Depressive symptoms	6	2.231	0.628	0.487; 3.976	0.024	3	− 0.006	− 0.204; 0.193	− 0131	− 0.330; 0.068
Anxiety	6	2.260	0.782	− 0.089; 4.430	0.045	0	0.347	0.072; 0.623	0.347	0.072; 0.623
Emotional problems	5	− 0.620	3.194	− 10.786; 9.546	0.858	0	− 0.038	− 0.217; 0.141	− 0.038	− 0.217; 0.141
Well-being	10	9.511	3.873	0.581; 18.441	0.040	0	0.877	0.356; 1.398	0.877	0.356; 1.398
Health-related quality of life	11	2.761	1.067	0.347; 5.175	0.029	0	0.084	− 0.010; 0.179	0.084	− 0.010; 0.179
Self-esteem, self-worth	10	0.727	1.503	− 2.740; 4.194	0.641	0	0.107	− 0.092; 0.307	0.107	− 0.092; 0.307
Resilience	4	− 1.005	3.218	− 14.850; 12.841	0.784	0	0.748	0.326; 1.170	0.748	0.326; 1.170
Positive effect	5	− 1.411	0.999	− 4.591; 1.768	0.253	0	0.055	− 0.100; 0.211	0.055	− 0.100; 0.211
Negative effect	5	− 2.158	4.660	− 22.210; 17.93	0.689	1	− 0.325	− 1.316; 0.665	0.114	− 2.225; 0.279
Internalising problems	16	1.114	0.921	− 0.860; 3.089	0.246	3	0.015	− 0.107; 0.137	− 0.041	− 0.167; 0.085
Positive mental health	26	3.915	1.633	0.606; 7.224	0.022	0	0.405	0.208; 0.603	0.405	0.208; 0.603

^aFilling looks for missing studies to the left of mean