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. 2020 Jun 16;10:9712. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66326-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene expression in peripheral leukocytes of pre-weaned dairy calves after a 10-day oral supplementation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 90 mg/d; n = 8), fluoxetine (FLX, 40 mg/d; n = 8) or control (CON; n = 8). Gene expression is reported as fold change (2^−ΔΔCt) relative to CON saline-supplemented group. (A) Gene expression of immune surface markers and (B) cytokines after 10 days of 5-HTP oral supplementation. (C) Gene expression fold change of immune surface markers and (D) cytokines after 10 days of FLX oral supplementation. Black bars denote 5-HTP vs. CON gene expression fold change, and dotted bars denote FLX vs. CON gene expression fold change. The negative inverse of fold-change values <1 was calculated for visual representation of negative fold changes. (*) indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) and (#) indicate tendencies (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10) between CON and FLX or CON and 5-HTP.