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. 2020 Jun 10;8:455. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00455

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Copyright © 2020 Branscome, Paul, Yin, El-Hage, Agbottah, Zadeh, Liotta and Kashanchi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stem cell EV-mediated repair of CNS damage in vitro. CNS injury induces an inflammatory response characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory astrocytes (A1) and microglia (M1). Stem cells secrete a heterogenous population of EVs which promote the polarization of astrocytes and microglia into their A2 and M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes, respectively. This confers an overall neuroprotective phenotype. Figure adapted from Katsuda and Ochiya (2015) and Deng M. et al. (2018).