Skip to main content
. 2020 Jun 16;134(12):1333–1356. doi: 10.1042/CS20200279

Table 4. Case–control studies of the retinal vessels in humans with CKD.

First author (type of study) Year N patients/controls CKD stage Main findings Method Ref.
Baumann 2009 34 non-diabetic CKD, 33 controls Ratio of arteriolar and venular lumen diameters lower in CKD Vascular lumen measurement [64]
Sabanayagam 2009 185 CKD, identified from a multiethnic population-based study (n=3602) Hypertension and retinal arteriolar narrowing independently associated with CKD Vascular caliber measurement [66]
Sng 2010 251 CKD, 633 controls (matched from a population-based study) CKD associated with abnormally low or high fractal dimension, independent of other risk factors Fractal analysis of fundus photographs [67]
Deva 2011 150 CKD 3–5 vs. 150 CKD 1–2 Prevalence of retinal abnormalities significantly higher in stage 3–5 CKD Retinal photography [63]
Ooi 2011 126 CKD 3–5 vs. 126 matched patients with CKD 1–2 CKD and hypertension independent determinants of arteriolar narrowing Retinal photography [65]
Liew 2012 1360 CKD, identified from a population based study (n=2971) Retinopathy and venular dilation significantly associated with CKD independent of diabetes Retinal photography [68]
Bao 2015 892 CKD, identified from a population based study (n=5158) Retinopathy significantly associated with CKD, albuminuria Retinal photography [69]
Mc Gowan 2015 623 CKD, identified from a population based study (n=1122) No significant associations between retinal vascular parameters and CKD Retinal photography [70]
Bosch 2018 76 patients with CKD stage 3+ or proteinuria, 53 controls increased arteriolar wall-to-lumen ratio and capillary rarefaction in CKD patients Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry [74]
Yeung 2019 200 CKD stage 3–5 50 matched controls Patients with CKD had rarefaction of retinal microvasculature in superficial and deep vascular plexus (5–6%) Optical coherence tomography angiography [75]
Vadala 2019 120 non diabetic hypertensive patients; 53 CKD vs, 67 non-CKD Parafoveal vascular density signifiantly lower in CKD patients (1–2%) Optical coherence tomography angiography [76]