Table 1.

Typology: Three Ideal-Types of Reflexivity in HP

Types	Definitions	Questions
Reflexivity in actiona	The actor(s) examine(s) experiences and situations in their own action(s), and make(s) adjustments while in the midst of “doing” the action. This entails an effort to create meaning or make sense of the action being conducted. Being reflexive in action allows actors to mobilize knowledge emerging during action.	- What am I learning about this practice/phenomenon/population right now, and how might this learning affect or shape the next steps of the action being undertaken? - How can I/we integrate this new knowledge and adjust the action to better suit/adapt to an evolving situation?
Reflexivity on actiona	The actor(s) examine(s) action(s) after experiences and situations have taken place. This entails reflection on how the action was designed and implemented, and on the methods and strategies used to carry out the action. Being reflexive on action allows for actors to produce knowledge emerging from action and for future action.	- What could I/we have done differently?  ○ In hindsight, how well was the health promotion action suited to the needs and context of the situation/population in terms of strategy, design, and implementation?  ○ Did the health promotion action permit achieving the expected results?  ○ Were there unexpected effects?  ○ With the experience and knowledge gained, what would I/we do differently to better take the situation, the population and their history, perspectives, needs, and experiences into account in the design and implementation?
Reflexivity underlying actiona	The actor(s) critically question(s) the premises of the field of action including the power dynamics, the political and cultural values, and any other underlying assumptions. Being reflexive about what is underlying action may be part of a larger systemic change process that creates awareness about the field of action at large and encourages alternative perspectives for action and for evaluation.	- What values, beliefs, and assumptions underlie my/our action, and more generally, the work done in the field of HP in this setting/context? - What power structures might this kind of practice/action be creating, supporting, or modifying? - What forms of knowledge does this practice/action draw on and give validity to, and inversely, what forms of knowledge might it be invalidating or marginalizing?

^a“Action” is an inclusive term for the range of activities carried out by health promotion actors including research, intervention, evaluation, practice, or policy.