Table 1.
Smoking Status and Depressive Symptomsa in the Canadian Household Population.
| Smoking Status | Depressive Symptoms % (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smokingc | |||
| Never smoking | 5.49 (5.00 to 5.98) | Reference | Reference |
| Currently smoking | 12.50 (11.28 to 13.73) | 2.46 (2.12 to 2.84) | 2.95 (2.53 to 3.44) |
| Former smoking | 5.77 (5.10 to 6.43) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) | 1.46 (1.23 to 1.72) |
| E-cigarette used | |||
| No | 6.56 (6.07 to 7.05) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 14.69 (11.18 to 18.20) | 2.45 (1.83 to 3.28) | 2.46 (1.82 to 3.33) |
| Former smokers by e-cigarette use status | |||
| E-cigarettes not usede | 5.55 (4.88 to 6.20) | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.18) | 1.41 (1.19 to 1.68) |
| E-cigarettes usede | 16.10 (9.14 to 23.06) | 3.30 (1.97 to 5.53) | 4.19 (2.47 to 7.11) |
Note. PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9.
aPHQ-9 score ≥ 10.
b Adjusted for age and sex.
c n = 52,956 respondents having data on both depression and smoking status were included for this analysis.
d n = 35,683 respondents having data on both depression and e-cigarette status were included for this analysis.
e Never smoking as reference group.