Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants With Diabetes With or Without Incident DR.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Without incident DR (n = 770; 1462 eyes) | With incident DR (n = 202; 272 eyes)a | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.0 (9.1) | 57.7 (9.3) | .08 |
| Male sex, | 377 (49.0) | 118 (58.4) | .02 |
| Malay ethnicity | 309 (40.1) | 83 (41.1) | .87 |
| Current smoking | 96 (12.5) | 35 (17.3) | .03 |
| Diabetes duration, mean (SD), y | 5.2 (6.6) | 6.6 (7.3) | .01 |
| Antidiabetic medication use | 448 (58.2) | 134 (66.3) | .04 |
| Hypertension | 572 (74.3) | 149 (73.8) | .95 |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 141.2 (19.8) | 143.8 (19.5) | .10 |
| Diastolic | 78.3 (9.9) | 80.4 (10.2) | .008 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 7.4 (1.4) | 8.7 (2.0) | <.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.1 (4.8) | 26.4 (4.4) | <.001 |
| Random blood glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 163.8 (70.2) | 212.4 (86.4) | <.001 |
| Positive cataract surgery statusc | |||
| At baseline | 132 (9.0) | 31 (11.4) | .26 |
| During 6-y follow-up | 141 (9.6) | 46 (16.9) | <.001 |
| Follow-up time, mean (SD), y | 6.3 (0.9) | 6.4 (1.0) | .16 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DR, diabetic retinopathy.
SI conversion factors: To convert hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; and glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555.
a
Incident DR in either eye.
b
Estimated based on χ2 or independent t test, where appropriate.
c
Based on eye-level data.