Table 3.

Characteristics of the included studies (2)

	Author(s) and year	Objective	Outcomes reported	Conclusions
2018	Johnsson et al. 2018 [47]	To describe how nurses communicate with older patients and their relatives in a department of medicine for older people in western Sweden	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: standing position, eye gaze, speaking faster, speaking louder, speaking with a friendly tone, kneeling down, closing the door, smiling, facial expressions, smiling	Proxemics, kinesics, vocalics
2017	Daly 2017 [4]	To explore communication between nurses and older adults, with an emphasis on promoting effective communication in practice	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: considering the environment, using touch appropriately, positioning oneself at the same level, active and compassionate listening	Artefacts, haptics, proxemics, active listening
2016	Freitas 2016 [30]	To assess proxemics communication between nurse and elderly in nursing consultation	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: posture-Sex, sociofugo-sociopeto axis, distance evaluation, kinaesthetic, contact behaviour, visual code, thermal code, olfactory code, voice Volume	kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics, artefacts
2015	Small et al. 2015 [48]	To explore the nature of communication between care staff and residents when they do not share the same language and ethno cultural backgrounds	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: pointing, touching, eye gazing, smiling, sitting next, head nodding, playful gestures	kinesics, proxemics, haptics
2014	Freitas 2014 [49]	To analyse the performance of nurses in nursing consultation for the elderly based on the theoretical framework of Hall	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: posture-sex, sociofugo-Sociopeto axis, distance evaluation, kinaesthetic, contact behaviour, visual code, thermal code, olfactory code, voice Volume	kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics
2013	Williams 2013 [50]	To review evidence-based strategies for effective communication with older adults across long-term care settings	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: eye contact, facial expressions, singing, humming, touching. Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: dominance, disinterest	kinesics, haptics negative responses
2011	Levy-Storms et al. 2011 [51]	To characterise the meaning of and experiences with individualized care from the perspectives of both nursing aides and nursing-home residents	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: listening, touching the shoulder Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: respect, favouritism	haptics, active listening Mixed responses
2010	Medvene and Lann-Wolcott 2010 [19]	To identify the communication behaviours and strategies used by socially skilled geriatric nurse aides working with residents in long term care facilities	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: touching, smiling, spending time with, observing body posture;	haptics, kinesics, chronemics
2009	Backhaus 2009 [52]	To examine the special nature of communication between residents and staff in a Japanese elderly care institution by taking a cross-cultural perspective	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: kiss, hand shake, military tone	haptics, vocalics
2009	Gilbert and Hayes 2009 [53]	To examine contributions of older patients’ and nurse practioners’ characteristics and the content and relationship components of their communication to patients’ proximal outcomes and longer-term outcomes, and contributions of proximal outcomes to longer-term outcomes	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: gaze, nod or shake of the head, eyebrow movement, smile, touch	kinesics, haptics
2009	Sorensen 2009 [54]	To demonstrate and discuss how personal competence, with emphasis on communication and empathy, can be developed by nursing students through international clinical practice	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: body contact, pointing, nodding, smiling, laughing, active listening, voice pitch, thumbs up,	kinesics, vocalics, active listening, haptics
2009	Williams and Warren 2009 [55]	To explore how communication affects issues relating to residents maintaining cognitive and physical functioning so that they are able to remain in residence	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: talk louder. Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: rudeness; disinterest in; disdain for; perceived hypocrisy; threats to noncompliance; infantilization of residents; adultification of residents;	Vocalics Negative responses
2008	Calcagno 2008 [56]	To provide pointers to help clinicians listen to the needs and concerns of their clients	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: greeting with a smile and handshake, sitting face-to-face, leaning forward, sitting close enough, listening, having an open posture	active listening, kinesics, proxemics
2007	Carpiac-Claver and Levy-Storms 2007 [57]	To identify types and examples of nurse aide-initiated communication with long-term care residents during mealtime assistance in the context of residents’ responses	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: smiling, touching, laughing, singing, eye gazing, leaning forward, nodding, shaking hands, high pitch, soft tone	kinesics, haptics, vocalics
2001	Kaakinen et al. 2001 [65]	To describe communication between nurse practitioners and elderly clients	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: touch, time, flyers, listening, drawings, pamphlets, written instructions; books; education files	artefacts, chronemics, haptics, active listening
2006	Jonas 2006 [58]	To explore the experience of being listened to for older adults living in long-term care facilities	Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: nurturing contentment, vital genuine connections, respect and benefit	Active listening Positive responses
2005	Park and Song 2005 [59]	To determine and compare the communication barriers perceived by older inpatients and nurses caring for them, with the aim of identifying the disparities between the perceptions of the two parties	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: speaking far away, without eye contact, with mask on, too loudly, too fast. Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: working without a sincere attitude, being unfriendly, showing no respect	proxemics, kinesics, artefacts, vocalics negative responses
2003	Tuohy 2003 [60]	To ascertain how student nurses communicate with older people	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: talking louder and slower, eye contact, facial expressions, appropriate touch	vocalics, kinesics, haptics
2002	Linda 2002 [3]	To explore the skills that are required for effective communication with older people	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: body movements, postures, gestures, touch, proximity, pace of approach, eye contact, demeaning tone, speaking too quickly	kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics
2001	Bush 2001 [61]	Author’s reflection on active listening	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: leaning over, holding hand, active listening, eye contact, spending more time, notes, learning tools, posture, physical proximity	haptics, kinesics, active listening, chronemic, artefacts, proxemics
2001	Butts 2001 [62]	To examine whether comfort touch improved the perceptions of self-esteem, well-being and social processes, health status, life satisfaction and self-actualization, and faith or belief and self-responsibility	Patients’ responses to nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: improved perception of self-esteem, well-being, social processes, health status, life satisfaction, self-actualisation, and faith or belief	Haptics Positive responses
2000	Babikian 2000 [63]	Author’s reflection on her encounter with an old person	Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: holding of hand, sitting next to	proxemics, haptics