Table 2.
Characteristics | Survey year | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2018 | |||||
Monthly dental OOPE in USD | P | Monthly dental OOPE in USD | P | |||
N | Median (Q1;Q3) | N | Median (Q1;Q3) | |||
2358 | 68 (21;190) | 2701 | 64 (21;196) | |||
Sex†, | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||||
Male | 1581 | 68 (21;179) | 1728 | 67 (21;198) | ||
Female | 777 | 68 (19;216) | 973 | 60 (21;181) | ||
Any household members aged 0–14, | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 1144 | 63 (20;171) | 1304 | 56 (19;170) | ||
No | 1214 | 71 (21;229) | 1397 | 69 (21;213) | ||
Any household members aged 65+, | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 532 | 85 (24;256) | 677 | 85 (26;273) | ||
No | 1826 | 60 (18;172) | 2024 | 59 (19;170) | ||
Marital Status†, | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||||
Married | 1590 | 74 (22;192) | 1834 | 66 (21;204) | ||
Single | 417 | 53 (17;181) | 456 | 51 (17;163) | ||
Divorced/Separated | 224 | 60 (17;221) | 284 | 61 (17;179) | ||
Widowed | 127 | 48 (17;171) | 124 | 85 (26;230) | ||
Ethnic group†, | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Jews, of which | 1907 | 63 (18;179) | 2192 | 59 (18;175) | ||
Born in Israel | 1245 | 58 (17;172) | 1459 | 52 (17;170) | ||
Immigrants before 1990 | 353 | 76 (23;214) | 329 | 86 (23;256) | ||
Immigrants between 1990 and 2000 | 241 | 59 (17;177) | 292 | 44 (16;150) | ||
Immigrants after 2000 | 68 | 60 (19;218) | 112 | 81 (23;188) | ||
Arabs | 396 | 102 (26;256) | 431 | 85 (34;256) | ||
Others | 55 | 68 (21;102) | 78 | 72 (28;212) | ||
Religiosity, | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Secular | 1061 | 64 (20;181) | 1213 | 52 (17;172) | ||
Traditional | 655 | 85 (25;214) | 713 | 85 (25;255) | ||
Religious | 316 | 51 (17;171) | 368 | 59 (20;181) | ||
Very religious/ultra-Orthodox | 198 | 51 (17;128) | 290 | 51 (20;156) | ||
Mixed lifestyle | 128 | 60 (20;248) | 117 | 68 (29;183) | ||
Periphery index, | < 0.001 | 0.003 | ||||
Peripheral | 387 | 120 (34;257) | 480 | 69 (26;213) | ||
Non-peripheral | 1971 | 60 (18;172) | 2221 | 60 (19;192) | ||
Income deciles, | 0.034 | 0.15 | ||||
1–2 (Low) | 486 | 55 (17;171) | 508 | 60 (21;170) | ||
3–4 | 435 | 65 (20;171) | 510 | 60 (21;170) | ||
5–6 | 426 | 60 (17;224) | 517 | 69 (19;183) | ||
7–8 | 442 | 77 (21;184) | 518 | 64 (21;213) | ||
9–10 (High) | 569 | 68 (22;229) | 648 | 67 (21;215) | ||
Years of education‡, | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
0 | 21 | 43 (14;254) | 24 | 112 (25;239) | ||
1–8 | 77 | 93 (30;179) | 72 | 66 (33;256) | ||
9–12 | 696 | 85 (22;256) | 718 | 85 (25;255) | ||
13–15 | 465 | 67 (21;172) | 539 | 69 (21;201) | ||
16+ | 1099 | 55 (18;170) | 1348 | 51 (17;166) | ||
SES index#, | 0.005 | < 0.001 | ||||
1 (Low) | 230 | 103 (30;256) | 261 | 99 (29;255) | ||
2 | 583 | 60 (19;209) | 586 | 69 (23;175) | ||
3 | 796 | 77 (20;191) | 997 | 68 (20;213) | ||
4 | 705 | 54 (19;172) | 814 | 44 (17;160) | ||
5 (High) | 44 | 52 (14;127) | 43 | 78 (22;306) | ||
Ownership of an apartment, | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 1757 | 77 (22;222) | 1979 | 69 (21;207) | ||
No | 601 | 43 (17;145) | 722 | 51 (17;172) | ||
Ownership of a car, | 0.055 | 0.3 | ||||
No | 578 | 51 (17;171) | 548 | 69 (21;180) | ||
One car | 1096 | 76 (21;217) | 1252 | 64 (21;207) | ||
Two cars or more | 684 | 67 (21;178) | 901 | 59 (21;181) | ||
Ownership of supplementary health insurance, | 0.2 | 0.09 | ||||
Yes | 2010 | 71 (21;199) | 2349 | 64 (21;196) | ||
No | 348 | 51 (18;171) | 352 | 68 (25;184) |
OOPE out-of-pocket expenditure, Q1 first quartile, Q3 third quartile, SES socioeconomic status
Notes: Dental care includes dental treatments, orthodontics, oral surgery and dental imaging; ‘Monthly dental OOPE in USD’ is analyzed only for households who reported any; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance
† Defined according to the primary earner
‡ Defined according to the highest of the primary earner and his/her spouse
# Defined according to the locality in which the household resides