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. 2020 Jun 17;9:30. doi: 10.1186/s13584-020-00387-0

Table 2.

Monthly out-of-pocket expenditures on dental care by demographic and socioeconomic household characteristics

Characteristics Survey year
2014 2018
Monthly dental OOPE in USD P Monthly dental OOPE in USD P
N Median (Q1;Q3) N Median (Q1;Q3)
2358 68 (21;190) 2701 64 (21;196)
Sex, 0.5 0.4
 Male 1581 68 (21;179) 1728 67 (21;198)
 Female 777 68 (19;216) 973 60 (21;181)
Any household members aged 0–14, < 0.001 < 0.001
 Yes 1144 63 (20;171) 1304 56 (19;170)
 No 1214 71 (21;229) 1397 69 (21;213)
Any household members aged 65+, < 0.001 < 0.001
 Yes 532 85 (24;256) 677 85 (26;273)
 No 1826 60 (18;172) 2024 59 (19;170)
Marital Status, 0.6 0.4
 Married 1590 74 (22;192) 1834 66 (21;204)
 Single 417 53 (17;181) 456 51 (17;163)
 Divorced/Separated 224 60 (17;221) 284 61 (17;179)
 Widowed 127 48 (17;171) 124 85 (26;230)
Ethnic group, < 0.001 < 0.001
 Jews, of which 1907 63 (18;179) 2192 59 (18;175)
 Born in Israel 1245 58 (17;172) 1459 52 (17;170)
 Immigrants before 1990 353 76 (23;214) 329 86 (23;256)
 Immigrants between 1990 and 2000 241 59 (17;177) 292 44 (16;150)
 Immigrants after 2000 68 60 (19;218) 112 81 (23;188)
 Arabs 396 102 (26;256) 431 85 (34;256)
 Others 55 68 (21;102) 78 72 (28;212)
Religiosity, < 0.001 < 0.001
 Secular 1061 64 (20;181) 1213 52 (17;172)
 Traditional 655 85 (25;214) 713 85 (25;255)
 Religious 316 51 (17;171) 368 59 (20;181)
 Very religious/ultra-Orthodox 198 51 (17;128) 290 51 (20;156)
 Mixed lifestyle 128 60 (20;248) 117 68 (29;183)
Periphery index, < 0.001 0.003
 Peripheral 387 120 (34;257) 480 69 (26;213)
 Non-peripheral 1971 60 (18;172) 2221 60 (19;192)
Income deciles, 0.034 0.15
 1–2 (Low) 486 55 (17;171) 508 60 (21;170)
 3–4 435 65 (20;171) 510 60 (21;170)
 5–6 426 60 (17;224) 517 69 (19;183)
 7–8 442 77 (21;184) 518 64 (21;213)
 9–10 (High) 569 68 (22;229) 648 67 (21;215)
Years of education, < 0.001 < 0.001
 0 21 43 (14;254) 24 112 (25;239)
 1–8 77 93 (30;179) 72 66 (33;256)
 9–12 696 85 (22;256) 718 85 (25;255)
 13–15 465 67 (21;172) 539 69 (21;201)
 16+ 1099 55 (18;170) 1348 51 (17;166)
SES index#, 0.005 < 0.001
 1 (Low) 230 103 (30;256) 261 99 (29;255)
 2 583 60 (19;209) 586 69 (23;175)
 3 796 77 (20;191) 997 68 (20;213)
 4 705 54 (19;172) 814 44 (17;160)
 5 (High) 44 52 (14;127) 43 78 (22;306)
Ownership of an apartment, < 0.001 < 0.001
 Yes 1757 77 (22;222) 1979 69 (21;207)
 No 601 43 (17;145) 722 51 (17;172)
Ownership of a car, 0.055 0.3
 No 578 51 (17;171) 548 69 (21;180)
 One car 1096 76 (21;217) 1252 64 (21;207)
 Two cars or more 684 67 (21;178) 901 59 (21;181)
Ownership of supplementary health insurance, 0.2 0.09
 Yes 2010 71 (21;199) 2349 64 (21;196)
 No 348 51 (18;171) 352 68 (25;184)

OOPE out-of-pocket expenditure, Q1 first quartile, Q3 third quartile, SES socioeconomic status

Notes: Dental care includes dental treatments, orthodontics, oral surgery and dental imaging; ‘Monthly dental OOPE in USD’ is analyzed only for households who reported any; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance

Defined according to the primary earner

Defined according to the highest of the primary earner and his/her spouse

# Defined according to the locality in which the household resides