Table 3.
Association of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with the likelihood for reporting any out-of-pocket expenditure for dental care: multivariate analysis
| Independent variable | Survey year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 2018 | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Sex | 0.6 | 0.022 | ||||
| Female | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| Male | 0.97 | (0.85–1.11) | 0.86 | (0.76–0.98) | ||
| Marital status | 0.3 | 0.6 | ||||
| Single | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| Married | 0.86 | (0.72–1.02) | 1.05 | (0.89–1.24) | ||
| Divorced/Separated | 0.83 | (0.66–1.05) | 1.01 | (0.75–1.34) | ||
| Widowed | 0.89 | (0.66–1.19) | 1.01 | (0.75–1.34) | ||
| Religiosity level | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||||
| Secular | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| Traditional | 1.04 | (0.90–1.20) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.06) | ||
| Religious | 0.94 | (0.77–1.14) | 0.98 | (0.81–1.17) | ||
| Very religious/ultra-Orthodox | 1.10 | (0.85–1.43) | 1.22 | (0.96–1.54) | ||
| Mixed lifestyle | 0.85 | (0.65–1.10) | 0.88 | (0.66–1.17) | ||
| Years of education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0–8 | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| 9–12 | 1.27 | (0.93–1.72) | 1.29 | (0.95–1.77) | ||
| 13–15 | 1.27 | (0.92–1.75) | 1.50 | (1.09–2.08) | ||
| 16+ | 1.72 | (1.25–2.37) | 1.81 | (1.32–2.49) | ||
| Income deciles | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 1–2 (Low) | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| 3–4 | 1.15 | (0.93–1.42) | 1.19 | (0.98–1.45) | ||
| 5–6 | 1.26 | (1.00–1.59) | 1.30 | (1.05–1.61) | ||
| 7–8 | 1.28 | (1.00–1.63) | 1.25 | (0.99–1.56) | ||
| 9–10 (High) | 1.76 | (1.36–2.28) | 1.74 | (1.37–2.22) | ||
| Peripherality index | 0.040 | 0.7 | ||||
| Non-peripheral | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| Peripheral | 1.19 | (1.01–1.41) | 0.97 | (0.83–1.16) | ||
| Ownership of an apartment | 0.8 | 0.9 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| Yes | 0.98 | (0.85–1.14) | 1.01 | (0.87–1.16) | ||
| Ownership of a car | 0.2 | 0.008 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||
| One car | 1.17 | (0.99–1.38) | 1.28 | (1.08–1.50) | ||
| Two cars or more | 1.19 | (0.96–1.47) | 1.36 | (1.11–1.67) | ||
| Ethnicity | Interaction results are presented in Table 4 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | |||
| Jewish | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||||
| Arab | 1.77 | (1.43–2.18) | ||||
| Other | 0.87 | (0.64–1.19) | ||||
| Ownership of supplementary health insurance | 0.022 | |||||
| No | 1.00 | Ref. cat. | ||||
| Yes | 1.25 | (1.03–1.51) | ||||
OR odds-ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref. cat. reference category
Notes: Weighted models, adjusted for the age composition of the household; c-Statistic = 0.641 (95%CI: 0.628–0.654) for 2014 survey and 0.646 (95%CI: 0.634–0.658) for 2018 survey; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance