Table 5.
Association of demographic and socioeconomic characteristic with the level of out-of-pocket expenditure for dental care: multivariate analysis
| Independent variable | Survey year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 2018 | |||||
| OOPE for dental care | P | OOPE for dental care | P | |||
| Log coefficient (SE) | % change (95% CI) | Log coefficient (SE) | % change (95% CI) | |||
| Sex | 0.1 | 0.7 | ||||
| Female | 0 | Ref. cat | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| Male | −0.134 (0.084) | −12.50 (−25.80–3.18) | −0.029 (0.073) | − 2.86 (− 15.86–12.15) | ||
| Marital Status | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||
| Single | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| Married | 0.235 (0.113) | 26.45 (1.40–57.67) | 0.222 (0.102) | 24.86 (2.16–52.61) | ||
| Divorced/Separated | 0.162 (0.166) | 17.54 (−15.17–62.86) | 0.180 (0.133) | 19.74 (−7.67–55.29) | ||
| Widowed | 0.045 (0.204) | 4.62 (−29.83–55.98) | 0.215 (0.185) | 24.05 (−13.64–78.18) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.017 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Jewish | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| Arab | 0.418 (0.151) | 51.93 (12.93–104.39) | 0.598 (0.121) | 81.85 (43.49–130.45) | ||
| Other | −0.106 (0.192) | −10.09 (−38.29–30.99) | 0.199 (0.177) | 22.03 (−13.76–72.67) | ||
| Religiosity level | 0.5 | 0.064 | ||||
| Secular | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| Traditional | 0.040 (0.093) | 4.11 (−13.18–24.83) | 0.211 (0.085) | 23.45 (4.47–45.88) | ||
| Religious | −0.136 (0.126) | −12.75 (−31.90–11.78) | 0.019 (0.106) | 1.94 (−17.15–25.43) | ||
| Very religious/Orthodox | −0.065 (0.164) | −6.30 (−32.06–29.23) | 0.222 (0.131) | 24.88 (−3.41–61.45) | ||
| Mixed lifestyle | 0.169 (0.164) | 18.40 (−14.08–63.16) | 0.166 (0.173) | 18.11 (−15.91–65.88) | ||
| Income deciles | 0.3 | 0.004 | ||||
| 1–2 (Low) | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| 3–4 | 0.050 (0.126) | 5.09 (−17.90–34.51) | 0.200 (0.112) | 22.15 (−1.97–52.19) | ||
| 5–6 | 0.081 (0.149) | 8.47 (−18.97–45.21) | 0.298 (0.124) | 34.72 (5.72–71.68) | ||
| 7–8 | 0.238 (0.152) | 26.87 (−5.78–70.83) | 0.488 (0.133) | 62.89 (25.62–111.21) | ||
| 9–10 (High) | 0.231 (0.156) | 26.00 (−7.23–71.14) | 0.487 (0.143) | 62.78 (23.10–115.26) | ||
| Peripherality index | < 0.001 | 0.09 | ||||
| Non-peripheral | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| Peripheral | 0.408 (0.111) | 50.40 (20.90–87.10) | 0.150 (0.088) | 16.13 (−2.36–38.14) | ||
| Ownership of an apartment | 0.6 | 0.2 | ||||
| No | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| Yes | 0.054 (0.098) | 5.59 (−12.80–27.85) | −0.121 (0.088) | −11.37 (− 25.37–5.27) | ||
| Ownership of a car | 0.4 | 0.2 | ||||
| No | 0 | Ref. cat. | 0 | Ref. cat | ||
| One car | 0.074 (0.106) | 7.65 (−12.51–32.45) | −0.147 (0.099) | −13.65 (−28.91–4.88) | ||
| Two cars or more | −0.046 (0.129) | −4.47 (− 25.84–23.05) | − 0.198 (0.121) | −17.94 (−35.26–4.01) | ||
| Years of education | 0.4 | Interaction results are presented in Table 6 | 0.009 | |||
| 0–8 | 0 | Ref. cat. | ||||
| 9–12 | 0.138 (0.205) | 14.84 (−23.23–71.81) | ||||
| 13–15 | −0.006 (0.231) | −0.56 (−36.37–56.47) | ||||
| 16+ | −0.024 (0.218) | −2.34 (−36.37–49.88) | ||||
| Ownership of supplementary health insurance | 0.043 | |||||
| No | 0 | Ref. cat. | ||||
| Yes | 0.253 (0.125) | 28.80 (0.76–64.63) | ||||
OOPE out-of-pocket expenditure, SE standard error, CI confidence interval, Ref. cat. reference category
Notes: Weighted models, adjusted for the age composition of the household; Adjusted R-square = 0.068 for 2014 and 0.063 for 2018; % change in USD, as calculated by the formula: (eβ-1) × 100; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance