Table 1.
Summary of studies using Al technology with existing ASD assessments
| Author | Sample size | Mean age | Date type | Method | AUC (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Accuracy (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone et al. [35] | 1264 (ASD) 462 (non-ASD) |
6.7-15.9 yrs 6.6-17.2 yrs |
ADI-R SRS |
SVM | - | 89.2 86.7 | 59 53.4 | - |
| Bussu et al. [28] | 32(ASD) 43 (atypical) 86 (typical) |
8.1 m (visiti) 14.5 m (visit2) 25.4 m (visit3) 38.4 m (visit4) |
MSEL VABS AOSI |
SVM | 69.2 (8 m) 70.8 (14 m) |
68.8 (8 m) 60.7 (14 m) |
64.4 (8 m) 67.5 (14 m) |
66.4 (8 m) 64.4 (14 m) |
| Duda et al. [36] | 2775 (ASD) 150 (ADHD) |
8.1 yrs (ASD) 11.3 yrs (ADHD) |
SRS | SVC, LDA, CL, LR, RF, DT | 93.3-96.5 | - | - | - |
| Duda et al. [37] | 248(ASD) 174 (ADHD) |
8.2 yrs (ASD) 10.4 yrs (ADHD) |
SRS | SVC, CL, LR, LDA | 82-89 | - | - | - |
| Kosmicki et al. [33] | 1451 ASD (M2) 348 non-ASD (M2) 2434 ASD (M 3) 307 non-ASD (M 3) |
68 m ASD (M 2) 37 m non-ASD (M2) 111 m ASD (M3) 108 m non-ASD (M 3) |
ADOS (M2, M3) | SVM, ADTree, FT, LR, NBT, RF | 96.7-99.7 (M2) 96.1-100 (M3) | 96.5-98.6 (M2) 87.1-98.9 (M3) | ||
| Levy et al. [32] | 1319 ASD (M 2) 70 non-ASD (M 2) 2870 ASD (M 3) 273 non-ASD (M 3) |
83 m ASD (M 2) 60 m non-ASD (M 2) 116 m ASD (M 3) 109 m non-ASD (M 3) |
ADOS (M2, M3) | LR, LDA, SVM | 93 (M2) 95 (M3) |
98 (M2) 95 (M3) |
58 (M2) 87 (M3) |
78 (M2) 90 (M3) |
| Thabtah et al. [49] | 707(ASD) 393 (non-ASD) |
6.3 yrs 14.1 yrs 29.7 yrs |
AQ | CI | 80-87.3 80.95-82.54 |
80 80 90 | ||
| Wall et al. [34] | 2867 (ASD) 92 (non-ASD) |
8.06-8.75 yrs (ASD) 9.24-9.75 yrs (non-ASD) |
ADI-R | ADTree | - | - | 93.8-99 | 99.9-100 |
ADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADI-R: Autism Diagnositc Interview-Revised, ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule, ADTree: alternating decision tree, AI: artificial intelligence, AOSI: Autism Observational Scale for Infants, AQ: Autism Spectrum Quotient, ASD: autism spectrum disorder, AUC: area under the curve, CI: computational intelligence, CL: categorical lasso, DT: decision tree, FT: functional tree, LDA: linear discriminant analysis, LR: logistic regression, m: months, MSEL: Mullen Scales of Early Learning, M2: module 2, M3: module 3, NBT: naïve Bayes tree, RF: random forest, SRS: Social Responsiveness Scale, SVC: support vector classification, SVM: support vector machine, VABS: Vineland Adaptable Behavior Scale, yrs: years