Table 1.
Patient characteristics stratified by NAG and KIM‐1 slopes
| NAG and KIM‐1 stable/decreased (n = 66) | NAG or KIM‐1 increased (n = 104) | NAG and KIM‐1 increased (n = 80) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical features | ||||
| Age (years) | 65 (57‐72) | 68 (60‐77) | 70 (60‐80) | .016* |
| Men | 48 (73) | 77 (74) | 59 (74) | .90 |
| Ischemic etiology | 27 (41) | 48 (46) | 41 (51) | .21 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 27.4 (25.1‐30.9) | 26.2 (24.0‐30.0) | 26.3 (24.2‐30.2) | .39 |
| Heart rate b.p.m. | 66 (60‐74) | 66 (59‐71) | 69 (60‐76) | .16 |
| SBP mmHg | 121 (110‐134) | 120 (105‐140) | 120 (108‐130) | .69 |
| DBP mmHg | 74 (61‐82) | 74 (64‐80) | 70 (60‐78) | .05 |
| Congestiona | 37 (56) | 68 (65) | 52 (65) | .29 |
| NYHA III/IV | 9 (14) | 23 (22) | 30 (38) | .001* |
| CRT | 26 (39) | 34 (33) | 18 (23) | .027* |
| Echocardiographic featuresb | ||||
| LVEF | 31 (26‐40) | 30 (23‐35) | 28 (20‐35) | .03* |
| DiasLVD | 62 (56‐67) | 64 (57‐72) | 65 (57‐74) | .06 |
| SysLVD | 49 (42‐56) | 51 (42‐59) | 53 (43‐62) | .07 |
| E/A ratio | 0.7 (0.6‐1.1) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.9) | .06 |
| E/E′ ratio | 9.7 (6.3‐13.0) | 10.9 (6.6‐17.4) | 11.4 (7.1‐19.2) | .25 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Prior MI | 22 (33) | 39 (38) | 34 (43) | .25 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 23 (35) | 43 (41) | 31 (39) | .66 |
| Diabetes | 14 (21) | 31 (30) | 32 (40) | .014* |
| Hypertension | 26 (39) | 47 (45) | 40 (50) | .20 |
| COPD | 8 (12) | 10 (10) | 13 (16) | .41 |
| Medication prevalence (%)/average total daily dose (mg)c | ||||
| Beta‐blocker | 96%/45 mg | 91%/41 mg | 84%/47 mg | .30d |
| ACE‐I/ARBs | 96%/24 mg | 93%/25 mg | 94%/24 mg | .96d |
| Loop diuretics | 85%/77 mg | 90%/78 mg | 96%/97 mg | .15d |
| MRAs | 74%/23 mg | 70%/23 mg | 65%/23 mg | .96d |
| Cardiac biomarkers | ||||
| NT‐proBNP ng/L | 578 (153‐1680) | 1076 (378‐2148) | 1682 (866‐3529) | <.001* |
| cTnT ng/L | 12.4 (7.5‐24.8) | 16.9 (9.4‐32.4) | 22.6 (13.7‐43.3) | <.001* |
| Renal glomerular indices (plasma) | ||||
| Creatinine mg/dL | 1.10 (0.92‐1.26) | 1.17 (0.97‐1.43) | 1.33 (1.04‐1.77) | <.001* |
| eGFRmL/min/1.73 m 2 | 70 (51‐79) | 58 (44‐76) | 50 (36‐72) | <.001* |
| eGFR<60 | 21 (32) | 57 (55) | 52 (65) | <.001* |
| Renal tubular markers (urine) | ||||
| NAG U/gCr | 5.1 (2.7‐10.0) | 5.7 (3.9‐9.1) | 6.7 (4.6‐9.2) | .11 |
| KIM‐1 ng/gCr | 452 (238‐930) | 485 (243‐882) | 555 (256‐973) | .45 |
Note: For reasons of uniformity continuous variables are presented as medians (25th‐75th percentiles) and categorical variables are presented as n (%); P‐values signify trend across groups and the asterisk indicates P < .05.
Abbreviations: ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; A, peak late filling velocity; BMI, Body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CRP, C‐reactive protein; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; DiasLVD, diastolic left ventricular diameter; E, peak early filling velocity; E′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; KIM‐1, kidney injury molecule‐1; MI, myocardial infarction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NAG, N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase; NYHA class, New York Heart Association class; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SysLVD, systolic left ventricular diameter; TIA, transitory ischemic attack.
Congestion was considered present if ≥2 symptoms or signs were present at baseline (dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, elevated jugular venous pressure, presence of rales/crackles and pedal oedema).
Because of logistic reasons, baseline LVEF, DiasLVD, and SysLVD were available in 74%, E/A ratio in 62%, and E/E′ ratio in 69% of all HFrEF patients.
Table S3 shows the conversion factors for calculation of total daily dose equivalents of different HF medications.
P‐value for the difference in average total daily dose.