Table 4.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with psychological problems

Variable	Anxiety†	Depression‡	Insomnia§	Overall psychological problems¶
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Annual household income (¥) (reference: <50 000)
50 000–99 999	–	0.77 (0.56 to 1.07)	–	–
100 000–300 000	–	0.64 (0.46 to 0.89)**	–	–
>300 000	–	0.34 (0.19 to 0.63)***	–	–
Regular exercise (reference: no)
Yes	–	0.51 (0.37 to 0.70)***	–	0.62 (0.48 to 0.80)***
Smoking (reference: no)
Yes	–	–	1.70 (0.98 to 2.94)	–
Drinking (reference: no)
Yes	–	–	2.43 (1.29 to 4.55)**	2.06 (1.26 to 3.36)**
Attention to type of pandemic information (reference: positive)
Neutral	1.38 (1.04 to 1.83)*	1.50 (1.14 to 1.97)**	1.45 (1.00 to 2.09)	1.41 (1.12 to 1.78)**
Negative	1.59 (0.89 to 2.85)	2.49 (1.48 to 4.18)**	3.34 (1.84 to 6.06)***	1.81 (1.11 to 2.94)*
Did you receive negative feedback from your families or friends who join front-line work? (reference: no)
Yes	2.53 (1.50 to 4.26)**	2.96 (1.73 to 5.06)***	3.47 (1.95 to 6.17)***	2.38 (1.46 to 3.87)**
Did you participate in front-line work? (reference: no)
Yes	2.12 (1.49 to 3.02)***	–	1.90 (1.21 to 2.97)**	1.85 (1.35 to 2.54)***
If given a free choice, did you want to join front-line work? (reference: willing)
Uncertain	1.33 (0.98 to 1.81)	1.47 (1.10 to 1.97)**	0.99 (0.64 to 1.51)	1.49 (1.15 to 1.93)**
Unwilling	2.57 (1.50 to 4.43)**	2.38 (1.39 to 4.06)**	3.39 (1.86 to 6.17)***	2.36 (1.44 to 3.85)**
R2	4.60%	7.30%	8.40%	6.30%

*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

†GAD-7 score ≥10 indicates anxiety.

‡PHQ-9 score ≥10 indicates depression.

§ISI score ≥15 indicates insomnia.

¶Met the criteria in † or ‡ or §.

GAD-7, Seven-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PHQ-9, Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire.