Table 2.

Comparison of innovative financing case studies

Mechanism	Type	Key innovation	Strength	Weakness
Unitaid	Voluntary Solidarity Levy	Microlevy	Does not reduce consumer demand, can also be applied to externalities	Levy requires high quantity of sales on consistent and predictable goods
Product(RED)	Voluntary Contribution	Contributions on retail goods	Unlocks funding from purchases on goods with low elasticity	Consumer dependent
GAVI	Performance-Based Instruments	Advanced Market Commitment	Increases supply of health products in which there is little market incentive for manufacturers to produce	Manufacturer dependent
IFFIm and CIFF	Bonds (IFFIm) and Securities (CIFF)	‘Vaccine’ Bonds (IFFIm), private investment funding model adapted to include social value based on health (CIFF)	Ability to: increase purchasing of specific health products (bonds) and; use capital markets to address unmet societal needs for shared value (securities)	Resistance to shared value in global finance

Source: original

CIFF, Children’s Investment Fund Foundation; IFFIm, International Finance Facility for Immunisation.