Table 3.

Determinants of aggregate upgraded milling capacity in 15 countries in West Africa (linear regression).

Variable	Coefficient	SE	P-value
2008 import bill (106 USD)	0.058	0.030	0.077*
Average annual milled rice production (2009–2019, 103 tons)	0.032	0.007	0.001***
Cultural import barriers	−24.660	9.613	0.028**
Physical import barriers	−2.769	11.251	0.811
Constant	−1.780	8.169	0.832

Notes: Sample size = 15; R² = 0.911; Adjusted R² = 0.875; SE: standard error. Cultural and physical import barriers are captured through dummies. Variance inflation factors (VIF) are in the range of 1.15–2.61 with a mean VIF of 1.84. A Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test for heteroscedasticity generates a P-value of 0.788. Significance levels: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.

Source: Data compiled in Table 2.