Table 4.

Determinants of aggregate upgraded milling capacity in 15 countries in West Africa (stepwise linear regression).

Variable	Coefficient	SE	P-value
2008 import bill (106 USD)	0.061	0.026	0.042**
Average annual milled rice production (2009–2019, 103 tons)	0.032	0.006	0.000***
Cultural import barriers (dummy)	−24.168	8.992	0.021**
Constant	−2.773	6.792	0.691

Notes: Sample size = 15; R² = 0.910; Adjusted R² = 0.886; SE: standard error. Cultural and physical import barriers are captured through dummies. Variance inflation factors (VIF) are in the range of 1.20–2.29 with a mean VIF of 1.90. A Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test for heteroscedasticity generates a P-value of 0.774. Significance levels: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.

Source: Data compiled in Table 2.