Table 3.
Predominant fuel used for household purposes in the previous 20 y and risk of GI cancers ().
| Predominant fuel typea | Case group [N (%)]b | Non-case group [N (%)]b | Adjustedc HR (95% CI) | -Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All GI cancers () | ||||
| Gas | 91 (9.5) | 5,943 (12.2) | 1 | — |
| Nonpredominant | 75 (7.8) | 4,372 (9.0) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.46) | 0.923 |
| Kerosene | 685 (71.8) | 34,786 (71.6) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.73) | 0.257 |
| Biomass | 103 (10.8) | 3,435 (7.0) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.34) | 0.168 |
| Esophageal cancer () | ||||
| Gas | 17 (4.9) | 6,017 (12.2) | 1 | — |
| Nonpredominant | 20 (5.8) | 4,427 (9.0) | 1.19 (0.62, 2.30) | 0.591 |
| Kerosene | 261 (76.5) | 35,210 (71.6) | 1.84 (1.10, 3.10) | 0.020 |
| Biomass | 43 (12.6) | 3,495 (7.1) | 1.89 (1.02, 3.50) | 0.041 |
| Gastric cancer () | ||||
| Gas | 23 (7.5) | 6,011 (12.2) | 1 | — |
| Nonpredominant | 24 (7.8) | 4,423 (8.9) | 1.25 (0.70, 2.24) | 0.438 |
| Kerosene | 222 (72.5) | 35,249 (71.6) | 1.48 (0.93, 2.37) | 0.097 |
| Biomass | 37 (12.0) | 3,501 (7.1) | 1.83 (1.01, 3.31) | 0.043 |
| Colon cancer () | ||||
| Gas | 22 (23.4) | 6,012 (12.1) | 1 | — |
| Nonpredominant | 8 (8.5) | 4,439 (8.9) | 0.53 (0.23, 1.22) | 0.139 |
| Kerosene | 55 (58.5) | 35,416 (71.7) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.12) | 0.117 |
| Biomass | 9 (9.5) | 3,529 (7.1) | 1.03 (0.40, 2.66) | 0.936 |
| Pancreatic cancer () | ||||
| Gas | 11 (14.1) | 6,023 (12.1) | 1 | — |
| Nonpredominant | 7 (8.9) | 4,440 (8.9) | 0.85 (0.32, 2.24) | 0.754 |
| Kerosene | 54 (69.2) | 35,417 (71.6) | 0.83 (0.40, 1.73) | 0.635 |
| Biomass | 6 (7.6) | 3,532 (7.1) | 0.75 (0.24, 2.32) | 0.622 |
| Liver cancer () | ||||
| Gas | 5 (7.2) | 6,029 (12.2) | 1 | — |
| Nonpredominant | 6 (8.7) | 4,441 (8.9) | 1.38 (0.41, 4.61) | 0.601 |
| Kerosene | 52 (75.3) | 35,419 (71.6) | 1.36 (0.50, 3.69) | 0.537 |
| Biomass | 6 (8.7) | 3,532 (7.1) | 1.16 (0.31, 4.37) | 0.816 |
Note: —, no data; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; N, number.
Predominant fuel means that the fuel was used for of the total time in the 20 y before enrollment.
We could not identify recent fuel use for 544 (1.0%) participants of the cohort due to missing information, and therefore they were removed from this analysis.
The model was adjusted for age (10-y intervals), sex, ethnicity (Turkman/non-Turkman), residence district (Gonbad/Maraveh-tappeh/Kalaleh/Aq-qala), wealth score quartiles, smoking cigarettes (never/tertiles of cumulative packyears), opium consumption (never/tertiles of cumulative nokhod-years), and regular alcohol consumption (never/ever).