Table 3.
Cost profile of the reviewed studies
| Ref. no. | Author | Publication year | Cost of individual/household (without complications) | Cost of individual/household (with complications) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [8] | Acharya et al. | 2016 | The total direct cost without complication was ₹21, 258/- p.a. The total indirect cost without complication was ₹1198/- p.a. |
The total direct cost with complication ₹28,888/- p.a. The total indirect cost with complication ₹1746/- p.a. The cost of illness (COI) with complication was 1.4 times higher. |
| [7] | Akari et al. | 2013 |
The average total direct medical and non-medical cost was 15,588/- p.a. and The average total indirect cost was ₹ 1079/- p.a. |
The average cost with diabetic complications was ₹6633/- p.a. for macrovascular complications and ₹4798/- p.a. for microvascular complications |
| [51] | Bjork et al. | 2000 | The estimated annual direct cost was ₹ 7070/individual and indirect cost was ₹12,756 including productivity and income loss through illness. | ---- |
| [43] | Bjork et al. | 2003 | The mean total cost of diabetes in India accounts to ₹7159/- p.a. The mean direct cost of diabetes was ₹4724/-- and indirect cost, viz. hospitalisation, was 2435/- p.a. (Some regional differences in patterns of expenditure exist, with patients in the west of India likely to spend 26% more on laboratory fees, check-ups and medicines than any other region.) | ---- |
| [5] | Cavanagh et al. | 2012 | ---- | Results of the study found India to be most expensive country for a patient with a complex diabetic foot ulcer, where 68.8 months of income was required to pay for treatment. The average direct and indirect monthly cost was ₹5258 (63,096/- annually). |
| [41] | Chandra et al. | 2014 |
The mean annual direct cost of treatment was ₹8822/- and 52% of amount is spent on drugs and medicines. The mean annual indirect cost of treatment was ₹3949/- of which 91.3% was wage loss. |
---- |
| [9] | Eshwari et al. | 2018 | The total cost for diabetes management was ₹5041/- p.a. of which ₹4282/- was direct cost for the treatment of diabetes and ₹462/- was spent on indirect cost. |
The total cost for treatment of diabetes with comorbidities was ₹9133/- p.a. The direct cost with complications was ₹8185/- p.a. and indirect cost amounts to be ₹508/- p.a. |
| [35] | Grover et al. | 2005 | The total annual cost of care for diabetes was ₹14,508/-. The biggest proportion was made up of direct cost of ₹9865/- p.a. and remaining ₹4642/- p.a. cost burden was adding up by indirect cost. | ---- |
| [39] | Joshi et al. | 2013 | Majority of the respondents spend ₹ 999/- p.a. on direct cost of care for diabetes. | ---- |
| [19] | Kansra | 2018 | The mean direct cost of diabetes for consultation, lab investigation, medicines etc. was ₹9112/- monthly, whereas indirect cost for outpatient care was ₹1166/- monthly and indirect cost for inpatient care was ₹7068 per month. | ---- |
| [38] | Kapur | 2007 | The total average yearly direct cost was observed to be ₹7158/-. However, the mean direct cost for all patients with diabetes was ₹4724/- p.a. | Individuals with three or more comorbidities encountered 48% more cost of care, amounting to ₹10,593/- annually. |
| [50] | Katam et al. | 2016 | The average total direct cost per patient annually was amounted to be ₹27,915/-. The highest portion of direct cost was spent on insulin and glucose test strips (40%). | ---- |
| [47] | Khongrangjem et al. | 2018 | The total median cost of illness per month was ₹5375/-. Total cost was made up of ₹3816/- direct cost and ₹1559/- indirect cost. | ---- |
| [44] | Kumar et al. | 2008 | The total mean evaluation of annual direct spending on ambulatory diabetes care was ₹6000/-. | ---- |
| [49] | Kumar and Mukherjee | 2014 | The total direct expenditure incurred on diabetes was ₹76,779/- p.a. and total indirect expenditure was ₹30,670/- p.a. | ---- |
| [2] | Kumpatla et al. | 2013 | The total direct cost estimates without any complication were observed to be ₹4493/-. | The total cost of expenditure with complication was ₹15,280/-. (cost for patients with foot complication was ₹19,020/-, also average cost for renal patients was ₹12,690/- followed by 13,135/- for cardiovascular disease.) |
| [36] | Ramachandran | 2007 | The average inpatient and outpatient cost of diabetes is ₹7505/- p.a. and ₹3310/- p.a. | ---- |
| [34] | Ramachandran et al. | 2007 | The total median direct expenditure on health care was ₹8130/- p.a. | ---- |
| [23] | Rao et al. | 2011 | The mean cost per hospitalizations was ₹5925/- p.a. for diabetes. | ---- |
| [33] | Rayappa et al. | 1999 | The direct annual cost (incl. hospital, test, monitoring etc.) was ₹15,460/- and indirect annual cost was ₹3572/-. | ---- |
| [42] | Sachidanandaa et al. | 2010 | The annual medical cost spent on diabetes was ₹10,584.7/-. | The annual medicine (direct) cost spent by complicated non-hospitalised was ₹19,326.91/- and ₹25,960.2/- by complicated hospitalised patients |
| [53] | Satyavani et al. | 2014 | ---- | Monthly diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease spend ₹12,664/- on treatment. |
| [37] | Sharma et al. | 2016 | The direct annual cost was maximum for private clinics ₹19,552/- and Indirect cost was ₹2462/-. | ---- |
| [6] | Shivaprakash et al. | 2012 | The average cost per visit (direct cost) was ₹377/- in 2010 in comparison to ₹363/- in 2005. | The average cost per visit (direct cost) for patients with complications was ₹464/- in 2010. |
| [40] | Shobhana et al. | 2000 | The total direct cost (incl. drugs, tests, consultation, hospital, surgery, transport) was ₹4510/- half yearly. | |
| [45] | Shobhana et al. | 2002 | ₹13,980/- was spent annually on direct costs of diabetes by the patients. | ---- |
| [48] | Singla et al. | 2019 | The total direct cost (drugs and medicine) for diabetes patients was ₹3241 p.m. | ---- |
| [46] | Thakur et al. | 2017 | The mean annual direct expenditure for diabetes care was ₹9832 and indirect cost was ₹5622. | ---- |
| [52] | Tharkar et al. | 2009 | The total direct cost for hospitalisation was ₹14,000 p.a. | The total direct cost for hospitalisation with comorbidities was ₹19,000/- p.a. |
| [22] | Tharkar et al. | 2010 | The median annual direct cost associated with diabetes care was ₹25,391 and indirect cost was ₹4970, respectively. | ---- |
| [24] | Tripathy and Prasad | 2018 | The annual median out-of-pocket household expenditure because of hospitalisation due to diabetes was ₹9996.20/-. | ---- |
| [20] | Viswanathan and Rao | 2013 | The annual direct and indirect cost to treat diabetes was ₹16,756 and ₹5504/- | ---- |
Source: Authors’ compilation established on reviewed articles