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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 15.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer. 2020 Mar 12;126(10):2225–2249. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32802

Table 4.

Joinpoint trendsa for the most common causes of cancer death,b all races/ethnicities combined by sex and age group, United States,c 2001–2017

Trand 1 Trand 2 Trand 3 Trand 4 Fixed Interval 2013–2017
Sex/Cancer Site or Type Years APC (95% CI) P Years APC (95% CI) P Years APC (95% CI) P Years APC (95% CI) P AAPC (95% CI) P
All sites
 Both sexes 2001–2017 −1.5 (−1.6, −1.5) e <.001 −1.5 (−1.6, −1.5) e <.001
  Males 2001–2017 −1.8 (−1.9, −1.8) e <.001 −1.8 (−1.9, −1.8) e <.001
 Females 2001–2017 −1.4 (−1.4, −1.4) e <.001 −1.4 (−1.4, −1.4) e <.001
 Children (ages 0–14 years) 2001–2017 −1.4 (−1.8, −1.1) e <.001 −1.4 (−1.8, −1.1) e <.001
 AYA (ages 15–39 years) 2001–2005 −3.0 (−4.0, −1.9) e <.001 2005–2017 −1.0 (−1.2, −0.7) e <.001 −1.0 (−1.2, −0.7) e <.001
Males
 Lung and Bronchus 2001–2005 −2.0 (−2.3, −1.7) e <.001 2005–2012 −2.9 (−3.1, −2.8) e <.001 2012–2015 −4.0 (−5.1, −3.0) e <.001 2015–2017 −5.5 (−6.6, −4.5) e <.001 −4.8 (−5.4, −4.2) e <.001
 Prostate 2001–2013 −3.5 (−3.7, −3.2) e <.001 2013–2017 −0.3 (−1.6, 1.0) .60 −0.3 (−1.6, 1.0) .60
 Colon and Rectum 2001–200 −3.6 (−4.2, −2.9) e <.001 2006–2017 −2.3 (−2.5, −2.1) e <.001 −2.3 (−2.5, −2.1) e <.001
 Pancreas 2001–201 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) e <.001 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) e <.001
 Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct 2001–2013 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) e <.001 2013–2017 0.5 (−0.5, 1.5) .28 0.5 (−0.5, 1.5) .28
 Leukemia 2001–2013 −1.0 (−1.1, −0.8) e <.001 2013–2017 −2.7 (−3.5, −2.0) e <.001 −2.7 (−3.5, −2.0) e <.001
 Urinary Bladder 2001–2013 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) .73 2013–2017 −1.1 (−2.0, −0.2) e .02 −1.1 (−2.0, −0.2) e .02
  Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma 2001–2006 −3.0 (−3.7, −2.4) e <.001 2006–2017 −2.0 (−2.1, −1.8) e <.001 −2.0 (−2.1, −1.8) e <.001
 Esophagus 2001–2006 0.0 (−0.7, 0.7) .96 2006–2017 −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) e <.001 −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) e <.001
 Kidney and Renal Pelvis 2001–2006 −1.4 (−1.7, −1.0) e <.001 2006–2015 −0.5 (−0.7, −0.3) e <.001 2015–2017 −4.3 (−5.7, −3.0) e <.001 −2.4 (−3.0, −1.8) e <.001
 Brain and Other Nervous System 2001–2006 −1.3 (−2.4, −0.1) e .03 2006–2017 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) e .01 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) e .01
 Myeloma 2001–2017 −0.9 (−1.1, −0.7) e <.001 −0.9 (−1.1, −0.7) e <.001
 Stomach 2001–2006 −3.7 (−4.5, −2.9) e <.001 2006–2017 −2.5 (−2.7, −2.2) e <.001 −2.5 (−2.7, −2.2) e <.001
 Oral Cavity and Pharynx 2001–2009 −1.4 (−2.0, −0.8) e <.001 2009–2017 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) e .002 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) e .002
 Melanoma of the Skin 2001–2009 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) e .002 2009–2014 −1.4 (−2.8, 0.0) .06 2014–2017 −7.6 (−9.8, −5.3) e <.001 −6.1 (−7.6, −4.5) e <.001
 Non–Melanoma Skin 2001–2004 −1.4 (−5.6, 3.0) .46 2004–2012 1.6 (0.5, 2.7) e .01 2012–2015 4.2 (−2.8, 11.7) .20 2015–2017 −2.8 (−9.0, 3.9) .34 0.7 (−3.1, 4.6) .73
 Larynx 2001–2017 −2.5 (−2.7, −2.3) e <.001 −2.5 (−2.7, −2.3) e <.001
 Soft Tissue including Heart 2001–2017 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) e .001 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) e .001
 Bones and Joints 2001–2017 0.4 (−0.1, 0.8) .08 0.4 (−0.1, 0.8) .08
Females
 Lung and Bronchus 2001–2007 −0.5 (−0.9, −0.2) e .004 2007–2014 −2.0 (−2.3, −1.7) e <.001 2014–2017 −4.2 (−5.1, −3.3) e <.001 −3.7 (−4.3, −3.1) e <.001
 Breast 2001–2003 −1.6 (−2.2, −0.9) e .001 2003–2007 −2.3 (−2.6, −1.9) e <.001 2007–2013 −1.6 (−1.8, −1.5) e <.001 2013–2017 −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) e <.001 −1.2 (−1.4, −1.0) e <.001
 Colon and Rectum 2001–2012 −2.9 (−3.1, −2.7) e <.001 2012–2017 −1.6 (−2.3, −0.8) e .001 −1.6 (−2.3, −0.8) e .001
 Pancreas 2001–2017 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) e .001 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) e .001
 Ovary 2001–2005 −1.1 (−1.9, −0.2) e .02 2005–2017 −2.3 (−2.5, −2.2) e <.001 −2.3 (−2.5, −2.2) e <.001
 Corpus and Uterus, NOS 2001–2008 0.1 (−0.4, 0.7) .58 2008–2017 2.1 (1.7, 2.4) e <.001 2.1 (1.7, 2.4) e <.001
 Leukemia 2001–2017 −1.3 (−1.5, −1.2) e <.001 −1.3 (−1.5, −1.2) e <.001
 Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma 2001–2005 −3.6 (−4.5, −2.8) e <.001 2005–2017 −2.6 (−2.8, −2.5) e <.001 −2.6 (−2.8, −2.5) e <.001
 Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct 2001–2004 2.8 (1.0, 4.5) e .008 2004–2008 0.5 (−1.1, 2.1) .46 2008–2012 3.6 (2.1, 5.2) e .001 2012–2017 1.6 (1.0, 2.2) e .001 1.6 (1.0, 2.2) e .001
 Brain and Other Nervous System 2001–2006 −1.2 (−2.1, −0.2) e .02 2006–2017 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) e .003 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) e .003
 Myeloma 2001–2009 −2.5 (−3.0, −2.0) e <.001 2009–2012 1.7 (−3.2, 6.8) .46 2012–2017 −1.9 (−3.0, −0.9) e .003 −1.9 (−3.0, −0.9) e .003
 Kidney and Renal Pelvis 2001–2017 −1.4 (−1.6, −1.3) e <.001 −1.4 (−1.6, −1.3) e <.001
 Cervix Uteri 2001–2004 −3.0 (−5.1, −0.8) e .01 2004–2017 −0.7 (−0.9, −0.4) e <.001 −0.7 (−0.9, −0.4) e <.001
 Stomach 2001–2008 −3.0 (−3.5, −2.5) e <.001 2008–2017 −1.8 (−2.2, −1.4) e <.001 −1.8 (−2.2, −1.4) e <.001
 Urinary Bladder 2001–2017 −0.5 (−0.7, −0.4) e <.001 −0.5 (−0.7, −0.4) e <.001
 Melanoma of the Skin 2001–2013 −0.4 (−0.9, 0.1) .08 2013–2017 −6.3 (−8.6, −3.8) e <.001 −6.3 (−8.6, −3.8) e <.001
 Esophagus 2001–2017 −1.6 (−1.8, −1.4) e <.001 −1.6 (−1.8, −1.4) e <.001
 Oral Cavity and Pharynx 2001–2013 −1.4 (−1.9, −0.9) e <.001 2013–2017 1.4 (−1.4, 4.3) .31 1.4 (−1.4, 4.3) .31
 Soft Tissue including Heart 2001–2017 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) e .02 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) e .02
 Gallbladder 2001–2017 −1.2 (−1.5, −0.8) e <.001 −1.2 (−1.5, −0.8) e <.001
Children
 Brain and other nervous system 2001–2017 −0.2 (−0.7, 0.2) .27 −0.2 (−0.7, 0.2) .27
 Leukemia 2001–2017 −2.8 (−3.5, −2.2) e <.001 −2.8 (−3.5, −2.2) e <.001
AYA
 Female Breast 2001–2010 −3.2 (−4.1, −2.3) e <.001 2010–2017 0.6 (−0.8, 2.1) .36 0.6 (−0.8, 2.1) .36
 Brain and other nervous system 2001–2017 −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) .36 −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) .36
 Leukemia 2001–2017 −2.2 (−2.6, −1.8) e <.001 −2.2 (−2.6, −1.8) e <.001
 Colon and rectum 2001–2017 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) e <.001 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) e <.001

Abbreviations: AAPC, average annual percent change; APC, annual percent change; AYA, adolescents and young adults; CI, confidence interval; NCHS, National Center for Health Statistics; NOS, not otherwise specified.

a

Joinpoint models with up to three joinpoints are based on rates per 100,000 persons, age standardized to the 2000 US standard population (19 age groups - Census P25–1130). Joinpoint Regression Program, Version 4.7.0.0. February 2019, Statistical Research and Applications Branch, National Cancer Institute.

b

Cancers are listed in descending rank order of sex-specific, age-adjusted death rates for 2013–2017 for all racial/ethnic groups combined. More than 15 cancers may appear males and females to include the top 15 cancers in each racial/ethnic group.

c

Based on data from the National Center for Health Statistics public-use data file for the total United States, 2001–2017.

d

The AAPC is the weighted average of the APCs over the fixed interval 2013–2017 using the underlying Joinpoint model for the period of 2001–2017.

e

The APC or AAPC is statistically significantly different from zero (P < .05). Two-sided statistical significance for APC was determined using a t-test and for AAPC using a t-test when the AAPC lay entirely within the last joinpoint segment or a z-test when the AAPC extended beyond the last joinpoint segment.