Table 3.

Differences in sleep health between never users (n = 827), e-cigarette users (n = 54), and combustible cigarette smokers (n = 49).

Group	M	SE	F	p	ηp2
Global Score	5.62	0.22	10.34	.000	.022
Never user	5.45a,b	0.11
E-cig user	7.17a	0.44
Cigarette user	6.73b	0.47
Subjective sleep quality	1.08	0.05	5.92	.003	.013
Never user	0.98c	0.02
E-cig user	1.24c	0.09
Cigarette user	1.07	0.10
Sleep latency	1.35	0.07	3.08	.046	.007
Never user	1.18	0.03
E-cig user	1.39	0.13
Cigarette user	1.49	0.14
Sleep duration	0.81	0.05	2.64	.072	.006
Never user	0.69	0.03
E-cig user	0.86	0.10
Cigarette user	0.89	0.11
Habitual sleep efficiency	0.66	0.06	4.32	.014	.009
Never user	0.48	0.03
E-cig user	0.73	0.12
Cigarette user	0.76	0.12
Sleep disturbances	1.29	0.04	7.72	.000	.016
Never user	1.12d,e	0.02
E-cig user	1.37d	0.08
Cigarette user	1.37e	0.09
Use of sleeping medication	0.39	0.05	6.80	.001	.014
Never user	0.26f	0.02
E-cig user	0.63f,g	0.10
Cigarette user	0.28g	0.10
Daytime dysfunction	0.89	0.05	3.08	.046	.007
Never user	0.79h	0.03
E-cig user	1.07h	0.11
Cigarette user	0.82	0.11

Note. Analyses control for gender and alcohol use. “Never user” refers to individuals who have never tried an e- or combustible cigarette, “e-cig user” refers to those who report regular daily or weekly e-cigarette use, and “cigarette user” refers to someone who reports regular daily or weekly combustible cigarette use. Global score differences tested via ANCOVA while the components of sleep disturbance were tested using MANCOVA. Matching superscripts within each global and component score indicates significant pairwise comparisons at p≤ .01 for component scores (range from 0–3) and p≤ .05 for global score (range from 0–21).