Fig 2.

Exosomes from peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients increase vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and decrease endothelial cell (EC) migration. Fold change (A) and representative images (B) of VSMC migration in a wound closure assay when treated with vehicle (Veh; iodixanol, negative control [NC]), 10 nM platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF; positive control), and healthy, mild PAD (mPAD), or severe PAD (sPAD) exosomes (Exo) for 16 hours. The mPAD and sPAD exosomes significantly increase VSMC migration compared with vehicle and healthy exosomes. Fold change (C) and representative images (D) of endothelial cell (EC) migration in a wound closure assay when treated with vehicle (10% fetal bovine serum [FBS] medium + iodixanol) and healthy, mPAD, or sPAD exosomes for 12 hours compared with negative control (1% FBS media). The mPAD and sPAD exosomes significantly decrease EC migration compared with vehicle and healthy exosomes. Fold wound closure was calculated as (wound area t = 0 − wound area t = end time)/wound area t = 0, normalized to the negative control. Data are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean, n = 5-6/group. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .005 (one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test).