Table 2.
Maternal demographic, behavioral, birth and blood chemistry characteristics by maternal treatment group and median 25(OH)D status, and by child EH status and extent group
| All (n=161) |
Treatment Group |
Median 25(OH)D Statusd |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400 IU (n=55) |
2000 IU (n=51) |
4000 IU (n=55) |
Deficient or Insufficient (n=58) |
Sufficient or Optimal (n=103) |
||
| Maternal Demographic Information | ||||||
| Maternal agea | 27.5 (5.6) | 27.5 (5.8) | 28.4 (5.4) | 26.7 (5.4) | 24.7 (4.9) | 29.0 (5.3) |
| Race/ethnicityb | ||||||
| Caucasian | 47 (29.2) | 17 (30.9) | 12 (23.5) | 18 (32.7) | 3 (5.2) | 44 (42.7) |
| African American | 57 (35.4) | 17 (30.9) | 20 (39.2) | 20 (36.4) | 33 (56.9) | 24 (23.3) |
| Hispanic | 57 (35.4) | 21 (38.2) | 19 (37.3) | 17 (30.9) | 22 (37.9) | 35 (34.0) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 155 (96.3) | 53 (96.4) | 49 (96.1) | 53 (96.4) | 55 (94.8) | 100 (97.1) |
| Yes | 5 (3.1) | 2 (3.6) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (1.9) |
| NA | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Height (in) | 62.8 (5.2) | 64.2 (7.5) | 61.8 (2.9) | 62.3 (4.0) | 63.4 (7.3) | 62.5 (3.8) |
| Weight (lbs) | 163.6 (43.7) | 153.9 (37.7) | 171.1 (48.3) | 165.3 (43.5) | 169.9 (47.7) | 160.3 (41.4) |
| BMI | 28.6 (7.0) | 28.0 (6.0) | 30.0 (8.2) | 27.8 (6.3) | 30.2 (7.3) | 27.8 (6.7) |
| Antacid count (weeks 12–36) | 1.5 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.8) | 1.7 (2.1) | 1.1 (1.6) | 1.7 (2.1) |
| Gestation (weeks) | 38.8 (2.2) | 38.9 (2.4) | 38.7 (2.2) | 38.8 (2.1) | 38.5 (2.6) | 39.0 (1.9) |
| Delivery method | ||||||
| Spontaneous delivery | 108 (67.1) | 32 (58.2) | 36 (70.6) | 40 (72.7) | 41 (70.7) | 67 (65.0) |
| Assisted vaginal | 6 (3.7) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (2.0) | 4 (7.3) | 1 (1.7) | 5 (4.9) |
| C-section after onset of labor | 28 (17.4) | 14 (25.5) | 8 (15.7) | 6 (10.9) | 10 (17.2) | 18 (17.5) |
| C-section with no labor | 19 (11.8) | 8 (14.5) | 6 (11.8) | 5 (9.1) | 6 (10.3) | 13 (12.6) |
| Maternal Blood Chemistriesc | ||||||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 34.5 (14.7) | 30.4 (13.7) | 34.1 (13.7) | 39.0 (15.3) | 22.5 (9.3) | 41.1 (12.7) |
| 1,25(OH)2D (pg/mL) | 102.0 (40.5) | 93.3 (33.4) | 105.6 (43.8) | 107.3 (42.3) | 90.6 (32.6) | 108.2 (43.0) |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 18.5 (10.5) | 18.9 (10.8) | 18.2 (10.5) | 18.3 (10.3) | 21.5 (10.9) | 16.9 (10.0) |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.0 (0.3) | 9.0 (0.3) | 8.9 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.4) | 8.9 (0.3) | 9.0 (0.4) |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) |
| All (n=161) |
Child EH Status |
Child EH Extent Groupe |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No EH (n=85) |
EH (n=60)e |
No EH (n=85) |
EH=1 (n=23) |
EH>1 (n=32) |
||
| Maternal Demographic Information | ||||||
| Maternal agea | 27.5 (5.6) | 27.2 (5.4) | 28.2 (5.7) | 27.2 (5.4) | 28.5 (5.8) | 28.1 (6.0) |
| Race/ethnicityb | ||||||
| Caucasian | 47 (29.2) | 24 (28.2) | 22 (36.7) | 24 (28.2) | 11 (47.8) | 11 (34.4) |
| African American | 57 (35.4) | 33 (38.8) | 18 (30.0) | 33 (38.8) | 3 (13.0) | 13 (40.6) |
| Hispanic | 57 (35.4) | 28 (32.9) | 20 (33.3) | 28 (32.9) | 9 (39.1) | 8 (25.0) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 155 (96.3) | 81 (95.3) | 58 (96.7) | 81 (95.3) | 23 (100.0) | 30 (93.8) |
| Yes | 5 (3.1) | 4 (4.7) | 1 (1.7) | 4 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) |
| NA | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) |
| Height (in) | 62.8 (5.2) | 62.4 (3.0) | 64.4 (7.8) | 62.4 (3.0) | 65.0 (11.4) | 64.4 (4.4) |
| Weight (lbs) | 163.6 (43.7) | 169.7 (45.0) | 156.8 (39.3) | 169.7 (45.1) | 145.0 (33.1) | 163.4 (37.6) |
| BMI | 28.6 (7.0) | 29.4 (7.2) | 27.4 (6.0) | 29.4 (7.2) | 26.2 (4.4) | 27.5 (5.6) |
| Antacid count (weeks 12–36) | 1.5 (1.9) | 1.8 (2.2) | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.8 (2.2) | 1.1 (1.9) | 1.3 (1.5) |
| Gestation (weeks) | 38.8 (2.2) | 39.0 (1.7) | 38.4 (2.8) | 39.0 (1.7) | 38.6 (2.6) | 38.3 (3.2) |
| Delivery method | ||||||
| Spontaneous delivery | 108 (67.1) | 55 (64.7) | 41 (68.3) | 55 (64.7) | 14 (60.9) | 24 (75.0) |
| Assisted vaginal | 6 (3.7) | 2 (2.4) | 4 (6.7) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (8.7) | 2 (6.3) |
| C-section after onset of labor | 28 (17.4) | 13 (15.3) | 13 (21.7) | 13 (15.3) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (18.8) |
| C-section with no labor | 19 (11.8) | 15 (17.6) | 2 (3.3) | 15 (17.6) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Maternal Blood Chemistriesc | ||||||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 34.5 (14.7) | 34.1 (14.7) | 36.4 (14.9) | 34.1 (14.7) | 39.5 (14.9) | 34.7 (14.2) |
| 1,25(OH)2D (pg/mL) | 102.0 (40.5) | 101.0 (40.1) | 104.6 (41.8) | 101.0 (40.1) | 111.1 (49.3) | 100.8 (35.3) |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 18.5 (10.5) | 17.8 (10.7) | 19.7 (10.9) | 17.8 (10.7) | 18.7 (9.0) | 20.9 (12.2) |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.0 (0.3) | 9.0 (0.3) | 8.9 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.3) | 8.9 (0.3) | 9.0 (0.4) |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.5) |
EH, enamel hypoplasia; BMI, body mass index; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.
a
For continuous variables, the mean is shown with the standard deviation in parentheses.
b
For categorical variables, the count is displayed with the percent of the corresponding group in parentheses.
c
Maternal blood chemistries are means for the measures every 4 weeks from week 12 to week 36 of pregnancy.
d
Median 25(OH)D values for Deficient or Insufficient is <32 ng/mL and for Sufficient or Optimal is ≥ 32 ng/mL.
e
Child EH Extent Group totals 140 as 5 children had missing data for a region and were not assigned an extent score.