Table 1.
Mothers’ Demographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Measures at 20 Weeks’ Gestation by Exposure During Pregnancy and Infant Demographic Measures at Birth
| Analyses | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pairwise Comparisons | ||||||||||
| Exposure During Pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Measure | Total (N = 166) | None (n = 98) | SRI (n = 41) | MDD (n = 27) | Test Statistic | df | Pa | None Versus SRI | None Versus MDD | SRI Versus MDD |
| Maternal measures | ||||||||||
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 30.5 ± 5.4 | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 31.8 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 6.9 | F = 4.13 | 2,163 | .018 | .255 | .069 | .017 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||||||
| White | 133 (80.1) | 81 (82.7) | 38 (92.7) | 14 (51.9) | ||||||
| Black | 29 (17.5) | 15 (15.3) | 2 (4.9) | 12 (44.4) | ||||||
| Other | 4 (2.4) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (3.7) | ||||||
| White race | 133 (80.1) | 81 (82.7) | 38 (92.7) | 14 (51.9) | χ2 = 18.00 | 2 | < .001 | .124 | < .001* | < .001* |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||||||
| < High school | 7 (4.2) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (18.5) | ||||||
| High school | 12 (7.2) | 7 (7.1) | 1 (2.4) | 4 (14.8) | ||||||
| Some university | 29 (17.5) | 11 (11.2) | 9 (22.0) | 9 (33.3) | ||||||
| Completed university | 71 (42.8) | 47 (48.0) | 17 (41.5) | 7 (25.9) | ||||||
| Graduate school | 47 (28.3) | 31 (31.6) | 14 (34.1) | 2 (7.4) | ||||||
| Completed university | 118 (71.1) | 78 (79.6) | 31 (75.6) | 9 (33.3) | χ2 = 22.58 | 2 | < .001 | .603 | < .001* | < .001* |
| Employed, n (%) | 100 (60.2) | 69 (70.4) | 21 (51.2) | 10 (37.0) | χ2 = 11.69 | 2 | .003 | .031 | .001* | .251 |
| Married/cohabiting, n (%) | 128 (77.1) | 79 (80.6) | 35 (85.4) | 14 (51.9) | χ2 = 12.02 | 2 | .002 | .506 | .002* | .003* |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.4 ± 7.1 | 25.4 ± 6.2 | 26.8 ± 5.7 | 29.6 ± 10.7 | H = 5.29 | 2 | .071 | |||
| Prepregnancy BMI ≥ 30, n (%) | 42 (25.3) | 19 (19.4) | 11 (26.8) | 12 (44.4) | χ2 = 7.10 | 2 | .029 | .331 | .008* | .133 |
| Parity, mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 0.97 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | H = 8.92 | 2 | .012 | .016* | .019 | .772 |
| Parity, n (%) | χ2 = 9.30 | 4 | .054 | |||||||
| 1 | 65 (39.2) | 47 (48.0) | 11 (26.8) | 7 (25.9) | ||||||
| 2 | 60 (36.1) | 33 (33.7) | 17 (41.5) | 10 (37.0) | ||||||
| ≥ 3 | 41 (24.7) | 18 (18.4) | 13 (31.7) | 10 (37.0) | ||||||
| SIGH-ADS, mean ± SD | 11.1 ± 7.0 | 8.1 ± 4.9 | 14.2 ± 7.4 | 17.9 ± 6.5 | H = 46.23 | 2 | < .001 | < .001* | < .001* | .038 |
| Anxiety (lifetime), n (%) | 49 (29.5) | 21 (21.4) | 18 (43.9) | 10 (37.0) | χ2 = 7.89 | 2 | .019 | .007* | .096 | .574 |
| Smoked during pregnancy, n (%) | 15 (9.1) | 7 (7.2) | 4 (9.8) | 4 (14.8) | χ2 = 1.50 | 2 | .471 | |||
| Drank during pregnancy, n (%) | 50 (30.1) | 29 (29.6) | 13 (31.7) | 8 (29.6) | χ2 = 0.07 | 2 | .968 | |||
| Infant measures | ||||||||||
| Gestational age (wk), mean ± SD | 38.8 ± 1.7 | 39.0 ± 1.5 | 38.5 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 2.2 | F = 1.33 | 2,163 | .267 | |||
| Gestational age < 37 wk, n (%) | 18 (10.8) | 6 (6.1) | 8 (19.5) | 4 (14.8) | χ2 = 5.89 | 2 | .053 | |||
| Sex, n (%) | χ2 = 11.52 | 2 | .003 | < .001* | .562 | .041 | ||||
| Male | 94 (56.6) | 64 (65.3) | 14 (34.1) | 16 (59.3) | ||||||
| Female | 72 (43.4) | 34 (34.7) | 27 (65.9) | 11 (40.7) | ||||||
| Weight (g), mean ± SD | 3,463 ± 576 | 3,552 ± 528 | 3,369 ± 584 | 3,278 ± 677 | F = 3.21 | 2,163 | .043 | .073 | .026 | .554 |
| Length (cm), mean ± SD | 51.0 ± 2.8 | 51.3 ± 2.8 | 50.3 ± 2.8 | 50.7 ± 2.9 | F = 1.98 | 2,149 | .142 | |||
| Head circumference (cm), mean ± SD | 34.6 ± 1.7 | 34.8 ± 1.6 | 34.2 ± 1.7 | 34.5 ± 1.8 | H = 2.44 | 2 | .295 | |||
| Ever breastfed, n (%) | 123 (78.3) | 78 (84.8) | 30 (73.2) | 15 (62.5) | χ2 = 6.45 | 2 | .040 | .113 | .022 | .368 |
a
Test statistic P indicates table probability from Fisher exact test.
*
Significant after Bonferroni correction.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; MDD = major depressive disorder; SIGH-ADS = Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depress ion Rating Scale, Atypical Depression Symptoms version; SRI = serotonin reuptake inhibitor.