Table 3.
Lifetime Estimated Health Gains, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Federal Restaurant Label Law, by Age, Sex, Race, Education and Income. *
| Menu calorie label | Cases Averted | Incremental QALYs | Incremental Cost ($M), by Perspective † | ICER ($/QALY), by Perspective † | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total CVD | Diabetes | CVD Deaths | Healthcare | Societal | Healthcare | Societal | ||
| Age groups | ||||||||
| 35–54 years | 84,847 | 74,880 | 12,156 | 202,596 | −$7,664 | −$8,888 | Saving | Saving |
| 55–74 years | 33,508 | 20,863 | 6,674 | 105,371 | −$1,942 | −$2,364 | Saving | Saving |
| 75+ years | 3,719 | 1,208 | 805 | 8,766 | −$45 | −$69 | Saving | Saving |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 80,565 | 59,979 | 14,486 | 228,732 | −$6,206 | −$8,074 | Saving | Saving |
| Women | 50,275 | 42,332 | 9,297 | 126,364 | −$3,889 | −$4,524 | Saving | Saving |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 55,578 | 44,974 | 11,356 | 135,373 | −$4,314 | −$4,994 | Saving | Saving |
| Non-Hispanic black | 32,423 | 25,181 | 6,202 | 81,707 | −$2,529 | −$3,200 | Saving | Saving |
| Hispanic | 40,327 | 29,585 | 7,000 | 101,257 | −$3,073 | −$3,737 | Saving | Saving |
| Other races | 14,065 | 10,028 | 2,381 | 33,488 | −$1,024 | −$1,192 | Saving | Saving |
| Education | ||||||||
| < High school | 29,577 | 21,999 | 6,522 | 82,667 | −$2,040 | −$2,547 | Saving | Saving |
| High school or some college | 71,253 | 48,491 | 12,123 | 165,705 | −$5,319 | −$6,371 | Saving | Saving |
| College graduate | 30,373 | 27,236 | 6,861 | 83,673 | −$2,489 | −$3,035 | Saving | Saving |
| Poverty-to-income ratio | ||||||||
| <1.3 | 38,402 | 26,594 | 6,012 | 97,494 | −$2,789 | −3,387 | Saving | Saving |
| ≥1.3 | 99,067 | 74,783 | 23,196 | 289,950 | −$7,316 | −9,133 | Saving | Saving |
| Body mass index | ||||||||
| Normal weight | 24,081 | 22,402 | 4,021 | 61,859 | −$1,924 | −$2,279 | Saving | Saving |
| Overweight | 42,879 | 38,431 | 8,777 | 124,544 | −$3,759 | −$4,534 | Saving | Saving |
| Obese | 68,982 | 44,463 | 13,082 | 185,859 | −$4,662 | −$5,881 | Saving | Saving |
Outcomes were evaluated among American adults aged 35–80 years at baseline. The distribution of the population in each subgroup was derived from the survey-weighted percentages among adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016 (see Table 1).
Incremental net costs and ICERs were evaluated from two perspectives. All costs were inflated to constant 2018 US dollars using the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index. Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were discounted at 3% annually. The healthcare perspective includes policy costs and medical costs; the societal perspective further incorporates informal healthcare costs and productivity costs. See Table 2 footnotes and the Methods text for further details.