Table 2.

Log-likelihoods and Akaike Information Criterion (AICs) for linear mixed models examined. All models include fixed effects of sex, breeding status, coat color and average relative pack size. The fixed effects of the PCs were not included in the pedigree-based models because of extensive missing data.

Model	df	GRM Log-likelihood	GRM AIC	Pedigree Log-likelihood	Pedigree AIC
Ve	6	−153.9397	319.8794	−170.7956	353.5912
Ve; PCs	9	−152.5409	323.0818
Ve, Va	7	−151.6879	317.3758	−165.7513	345.5026
Ve, Va; PCs	10	−151.0484	322.0968
Ve, Va, Vd	8	−150.7475	317.4950	−165.6432	347.2864
Ve, Va, Vmat	8	−151.0995	318.1990	−165.9977	347.9954
Ve, Va, VYOB	8	−151.6714	319.3428	−165.3743	346.7486
Ve,Va, VPack	8	−150.2500	316.5000	−164.6324	345.2648
Ve, VPack	7	−151.6069	317.2138	−164.9119	343.8238
Ve, Va, Vpack; PCs	11	−149.4536	320.9072

(Abbreviations: df, degrees of freedom; GRM, genetic relatedness matrix; PCs, the first three principal components; V_e, variance due to independent environmental effects; V_a, additive genetic variance; V_d, dominance genetic variance; V_Pack, variance due to natal pack treated as a random effect; V_YOB, variance due to year of birth cohort treated as a random effect; V_mat, variance due to shared maternal effect)