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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66982-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The change in perceived happiness at the four epochs of the study in the PARO and the control groups. A significant difference between groups was found at T3 (**p < 0.01) and T4 (*p < 0.05). At T2 happiness decreased significantly in the control group compared to T1 (p < 0.05). In the PARO group the change in happiness at T2 (compared to T1) was not significant, p = 0.06. At T3 Happiness increased significantly compared to T1 only in the PARO group (****p < 0.0001). Values denote mean of Δ visual analogue scale (VAS; 0–10) ± SEM. T1 – upon arrival; T2 – following the first pain-perception measurements; T3 – following 10 mins of either reading or interacting with PARO; T4 – completed while touching PARO (in the PARO group only), following the third, and last, pain-perception measurements.