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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66982-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The change in oxytocin levels at the 4 epochs of the study in the PARO and the control groups. Oxytocin levels decreased significantly from T1 to T3 (**p < 0.01) and further from T1 to T4 (***p < 0.001) only in the PARO group. The difference in oxytocin levels between the groups was significant at T4 (*p < 0.05). Values denote mean salivary oxytocin levels (pg/ml) ± SEM. T1 – upon arrival; T2 – following the first pain-perception measurements; T3 – following 10 mins of either reading or interacting with PARO; T4 – completed while touching PARO (in the PARO group only), following the third, and last, pain-perception measurements.