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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66982-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The change in pain ratings across the three pain measurements in the PARO and the control groups. (A) Mild pain: In the PARO group, pain ratings decreased in the Touch condition compared to Baseline (*p < 0.05). (B) Strong pain: In both the PARO and the control groups, pain ratings decreased in the No-Touch/S2 and Touch/S3 conditions compared to Baseline/S1. In the PARO group there was a greater decrease in the Touch compared to the No-Touch condition (**p < 0.01). Values denote mean visual-analogue scale (VAS) ratings (0–10) ± SEM.