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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of coastal hydrogeology indicating processes and nomenclature for the seawater interface in a mixed siliciclastic and carbonate near-shore aquifer system. The permeability distribution, groundwater throughflow, and density-driven flow combine to determine the geometry of the seawater/freshwater mixing zone, patterns of groundwater flow within the seawater recirculation cell, and the distribution of submarine discharge. Temporal cycles, such as the seasonal rainfall, pumping from shallow wells, and tidal forcing drive constant groundwater movement in the coastal aquifers. ‘Groundwater throughflow’ describes the volume of groundwater entering the system and flowing towards the coast.