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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Images showing the influence of increasing anisotropic angle on the seawater wedge geometry in a high hydraulic conductivity (200 m/day) homogeneous aquifer. In this example, the angles of anisotropy are 0° (B), 15° (C), and 25° (D) degrees for a constant anisotropic ratio K_x/K_y = 10. Panels A and B compare the isotropic and anisotropic models. The increasing angle of anisotropy is associated with higher hydraulic heads (annotated below each well), which is likely to be the primary driver behind the seaward movement of the seawater interface. The seawater wedge geometry in Panel D resembles the seawater interface geometry for a homogeneous isotropic model with a groundwater throughflow rate of 4 ML/year (see Fig. 15). This demonstrates that knowing the position of the wedge toe is not a reliable indicator of throughflow and vice versa.