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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Images highlighting the extremes in Darcy velocity (m/day) that occur across a seawater wedge for a homogeneous aquifer. The velocity of fresh groundwater flowing towards the coast increases as the available area of flow decreases above the dense seawater wedge, until the fresh groundwater exits the system through the zone of submarine groundwater discharge (highlighted in Panel B). The velocity of groundwater proximal to the submarine discharge is an order of magnitude greater than the velocity of the fresh groundwater prior to being restricted by the seawater wedge. In contrast, the groundwater velocity in the seawater recirculation cell can flow in the opposite direction (i.e. towards the land) and is significantly less than that for the fresh groundwater above.