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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Images showing the Darcy velocity distribution for a complex hydraulic conductivity model (see Fig. 22F). The distribution of arrows is weighted by the magnitude of the y-component. Panel A shows the full width of the model including zones of relatively high and low velocities related to the hydraulic conductivity distribution. Panel B show a zoomed in section of Darcy velocity proximal to the seawater wedge. It highlights the extremely slow groundwater velocity in the seawater recirculation cell and the complex flow directions related to hydraulic conductivity distribution in the zone of fresh terrestrial groundwater above the wedge. The screened intervals in the monitoring wells may be in high-velocity conduits or low-velocity pockets that may result in higher or lower inter-well hydraulic conductivity gradients. A distributed velocity measurement along the length of the well may identify these zones and improve calibration needed for solute transport modelling along coastal margins.