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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ranges of hydraulic conductivity estimated at sites along the coastal margin of Perth (shown in purple) and other karstic environments around the world (shown in yellow). Most of the hydraulic conductivity in the Perth region fall within the mid-to-upper estimate of typical carbonate values (shown in blue). The karstic aquifers in Perth is known to contain caves and other high-permeability flow pathways that contribute to the high hydraulic conductivity.