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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Set of satellite images showing the rapid expansion of the Quinns Rocks suburb, taken in 1984 (top left), 2002 (top middle) and 2016 (top right), and groundwater abstraction from the IWSS bore field from 1984 to 2016 (bottom). The middle satellite image contains the location of the shallow regional wellfield, developed in 1998 for the Integrated Water Supply Scheme (IWSS), and the location of the seawater intrusion monitoring (SIM) wells. The approximate annual groundwater abstraction from the local wellfield during peak production in 2002 was approximately 14 GL/year. The increase in groundwater abstraction during the monitoring period is one potential cause for seawater intrusion at the reference site. Map imagery ©2019 Google Earth, Maxar Technologies.