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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphs showing long-term trends in winter and summer rainfall in Perth, Western Australia. Panel A shows the cumulative rainfall from 1944 to 2018. The average rainfall over the entire period is approximately 700 mm/year. Analysis of 20-year trends indicate that an approximately 25% reduction in rainfall has occurred since the start of measurement in 1944. The average rainfall from 1944 to 1964 was 834 mm/year, compared to data from 1998 to 2018 with an average rainfall of 673 mm/year. Panel B shows the total seasonal rainfall for summer and winter showing that a clear decrease in winter rainfall. The decreasing winter rainfall is strong motivation for understanding the follow-on effects to the seawater interface.