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. 2020 Jun 17;10:9788. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66540-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of time and initial concentration on (a) adsorption capacity of adsorbent and (b) removal percentage of Cr(VI) under constant conditions (pH: 4.0; W: 5.0 mg; V: 20 ml; C_i: 5–200 mg L⁻¹; T: 293 K; shaking speed: 190 rpm; t: 5–180 min). (c) The experimental data and the nonlinear kinetics fitted to them and (d) the linear fitting of the IPD kinetic model (pH: 4.0; W: 5.0 mg; V: 20 ml; C_i: 200 mg L⁻¹; T: 293 K; t: 5–180 min). (e) The experimental data and the nonlinear isotherms fitted to them, and (f) the values of R_L and K_d vs C_i (pH: 4; W: 5.0 mg; V: 20 ml; C_i: 5–200 mg L⁻¹; T: 293 K; shaking speed: 190 rpm; t: 90 min).