TABLE 1.

Effect of vitexin on oxidative stress in some neurotoxicity models

Vitexin	Study	Oxidative and defense biomarkers	Signaling and gene expression	Ref.
In vitro concentration
10 µM	NMDA (200 μM) and glycine (10 μM)‐induced toxicity in cultured cortical neurons		Increased Bcl‐2 Decreased Bax protein and the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 expression Downregulated the protein levels of NR2B‐containing NMDA receptors Reduced the overload of intracellular Ca2+	Yang, Yang, Zhang, Tian, Liu, and Zhao (2014)
10 and 100 µM, 24 hr	Exposure to isoflurane (1.4%) in human PC12 cells	Decreased ROS levels, increased GSH and SOD	Inhibited the level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐6) Decreased caspase‐3, BACE protein expression levels, cytosolic calcium levels, TRPV1, and NR2B protein expression levels	Chen, Zhang, Shan, and Zhao (2016)
50 µM	Glutamate (5 mM)‐induced cytotoxicity in Neuro‐2a cells	Decreased MDA and NO production	Upregulation of antioxidant response genes (Nrf2, HO‐1, NQO‐1, and Grp78) Downregulated Gadd153 Preserved MMP Suppressed cyclophilin D expression Downregulated NMDR and calpain gene expression Increased Bcl‐2/Bax ratio Decreased caspase‐3 Increased GLAST‐1, GLT‐1)	Malar, Prasant, et al. (2018)

Abbreviations: BACE, β‐site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1; Gadd153, Growth arrest and DNA damage 153; GLAST‐1; GLT‐1, Glutamate transporters; Grp 78,78‐kDa Glucose‐regulated protein; GSH, Glutathione; Heme oxygenase 1; HO‐1; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MMP, Mitochondrial membrane potential; NMDA, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate; NO, Nitric oxide; NQO‐1, NADH‐quinone oxidoreductase; NR2B, N‐methyl D‐aspartate receptor subtype 2B; Nrf‐2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase.