TABLE 3.

The effects of vitexin in herbal extract on oxidative markers and antioxidant enzymes

Herbal extract	Study	Oxidative markers and antioxidant enzymes	Signaling and gene expression	Ref
In vitro concentration
Mung bean soup (30 g/1,000 ml)	DPPH, FRAP, ABTS	Higher ability of DPPH and ABTS˚+ radical scavenging, and increased FRAP		Li et al. (2012)
Ficus deltoidea leaves 50% ethanol–water extract (percentage yield: 25.2 ± 0.1%; Vitexin: 0.62 ± 0.01%)	DPPH	Highest DPPH, radical scavenging activity		Abu Bakar, Manaharan, Merican, and Mohamad (2018)
Acer palmatum ethanolic extract (Vitexin 50 μg/ml)	UVB‐irradiated HDFs	Reduced ROS production		Kim et al. (2005)
Zanthoxylum bungeanumleaves 95% ethanolic extract (1,824.4 g)	TBARS assay	Inhibited lipid peroxidation (Vitexin, IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.001 mM)		Zhang, Wang, Yang, Zhou, and Zhang (2014)
Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of Nectandra cuspidata leaves (Vitexin 2 µg/ml)	L‐929 fibroblasts irradiated with UVB (500 mJ/cm2)	Increased cell viability Inhibited the UVB‐induced ROS production and LPO		Ferreira et al. (2020)
In vivo dose
Mung bean coat extract (400 mg/kg, gavage)	Heat stress in rats (swimming cells at 40 ± 1°C for 30 min)	Reduced the levels of MDA, LDH, and NOS, increased the levels of total antioxidant capacity and GSH		Cao et al. (2011)
Mung bean polyphenol extract 200 mg kg−1 day−1, 12 weeks	Myocardial injury by aluminum (171.8 mg/kg, 12 weeks) in rats	Reversed decrement of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GSH Reversed increment of CK, LDH, MDA, GSSG, GSH, and AOPP Increased Na+/K+‐ATPase activity Reduced Ca2+‐ATPase activity, and Na+, Ca2+ ion levels	Inhibited ROS‐triggered Ca2+/JNK/NF‐κB signaling pathway, reduced caspase‐9 and cytochrome C expression	Cheng, Wang, Wang, and Hou (2017)
Dehydrated beet stalks and leaves 3.07 mg of vitexin‐rhamnoside equivalents 100 g−1, 8 weeks	High‐fat diet‐induced oxidative damage in liver in mice	Reversed increment of MDA level, GPx, and GR activities, improved total cholesterol level		Lorizola et al. (2018)
F. carica fruit extract (400 mg/kg, 8 weeks)	High‐fat diet (normal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol, 4% fat, and 0.1% cholic acid)‐induced hyperlipidemic rats	Reduced the levels of plasma cholesterol, TG, LDL‐C, and AI, increased HDL‐C concentration, decreased TBARS, increased GPx, SOD, and CAT in liver, heart, and kidney		Belguith‐Hadriche et al. (2016)
Methanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea leaves (1 g/kg, gavage, 8 weeks) Vitexin (1 mg/kg, gavage, 8 weeks)	STZ‐induced diabetic rats	Extract increased both pancreatic GPx and SOD values Vitexin only increased GPx level Both reduced TBARS value		Nurdiana et al. (2017)
Methanolic extract of Vigna angularis Vitexin (50, 100 μM)	Thermal and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans	Reduced ROS levels, increased catalase and SOD activities	Upregulated SOD‐3 and HSP‐16.2 expressions in transgenic nematodes	Lee et al. (2015)

Abbreviations: ABTS, 2,2'‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) diammonium salt; AI, Atherogenic index; AOPP, Advanced oxidation protein products; CAT, Catalase; CK, Creatine kinase; DPPH, 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase; GR, Glutathione reductase; GSH, Glutathione; GSSG, Oxidized glutathione; GST, Glutathione S‐transferase; HDFs, Human dermal fibroblasts; HDL‐c, High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HSP, Heat shock protein; JNK/NF‐κB, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/nuclear factor‐kappaB; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; LDL‐c, Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LPO, Lipid peroxidation; MDA, Malondialdehyde; NOS, Nitric oxide synthase; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; STZ, Streptozotocin; TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TG, Triglyceride; UVB, Ultraviolet B.