Table 1.
Basal characteristics of stratified study participants (≥19 years).
| Characteristics | Age <50 (N = 8,092) | Age ≥ 50 (N = 8,221) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (N = 3,127) | P-value | Female (N = 4,965) | P-value | Male (N = 3,449) | P-value | Female (N = 4,772) | P-value | |||||
| Sarcopenia (N = 307) | Normal (N = 2,820) | Sarcopenia (N = 425) | Normal (N = 4,540) | Sarcopenia (N = 695) | Normal (N = 2,754) | Sarcopenia (N = 1,072) | Normal (N = 3,700) | |||||
| Age (continuous) | 37.5 ± 7.6 | 35.8 ± 8.2 | 0.001 | 37.8 ± 8.1 | 36.0 ± 8.2 | <0.0001 | 67.0 ± 9.0 | 63.5 ± 8.7 | <0.0001 | 65.2 ± 9.0 | 63.5 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | 0.005 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.054 | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 48 (15.7) | 623 (22.2) | 342 (80.7) | 3,917 (86.6) | 118 (17.2) | 461 (16.8) | 993 (93.5) | 3,358 (91.5) | ||||
| Past smoker | 48 (15.7) | 310 (11.0) | 31 (7.3) | 143 (3.2) | 213 (31.0) | 644 (23.5) | 17 (1.6) | 57 (1.6) | ||||
| Current smoker | 209 (68.5) | 1,877 (66.8) | 51 (12.0) | 465 (10.3) | 356 (51.8) | 1,636 (59.7) | 52 (4.9) | 256 (7.0) | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.172 | 0.529 | <0.0001 | 0.017 | ||||||||
| No | 34 (11.2) | 247 (8.8) | 100 (23.7) | 1,009 (22.4) | 219 (32.0) | 657 (24.0) | 607 (57.5) | 1,956 (53.4) | ||||
| Yes | 270 (88.8) | 2,554 (91.2) | 322 (76.3) | 3,504 (77.6) | 465 (68.0) | 2,080 (76.0) | 448 (42.5) | 1,707 (46.6) | ||||
| Hypertension | 44 (14.3) | 149 (5.2) | <0.0001 | 17 (4.0) | 124 (2.7) | <0.0001 | 389 (56.0) | 904 (32.8) | <0.0001 | 574 (53.5) | 1,353 (36.6) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 11 (3.6) | 55 (1.9) | 0.059 | 8 (1.9) | 56 (1.2) | 0.257 | 170 (24.5) | 384 (13.9) | <0.0001 | 180 (16.8) | 424 (11.5) | <0.0001 |
| CCVD | 2 (0.7) | 19 (0.7) | 0.964 | 1 (0.2) | 20 (0.4) | 0.533 | 124 (17.8) | 210 (7.6) | <0.0001 | 103 (9.6) | 217 (5.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | 1 (0.3) | 4 (0.1) | 0.444 | 9 (2.1) | 38 (0.8) | 0.009 | 19 (2.7) | 89 (3.2) | 0.501 | 36 (3.4) | 138 (3.7) | 0.568 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 3.7 | 23.8 ± 3.0 | <0.0001 | 26.2 ± 4.4 | 22.2 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 | 25.5 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 2.8 | <0.0001 | 26.5 ± 3.2 | 23.53 ± 2.9 | <0.0001 |
| Abdominal obesity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 174 (56.8) | 523 (18.6) | 176 (41.4) | 511 (11.3) | 411 (59.2) | 611 (22.3) | 678 (63.5) | 1,138 (30.9) | ||||
| No | 132 (43.1) | 2,289 (81.4) | 249 (58.6) | 4,010 (88.7) | 283 (40.8) | 2,135 (77.8) | 390 (36.5) | 2,550 (69.1) | ||||
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 2314 ±856 | 2438 ±844 | 0.015 | 1641 ±616 | 1741 ±645 | 0.002 | 1900 ±667 | 2110 ±729 | <0.0001 | 1489 ±526 | 1578 ±565 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g) | 85.6 ± 40.6 | 89.9 ± 41.8 | 0.081 | 60.43 ± 27.89 | 63.47 ± 29.31 | 0.039 | 66.1 ± 32.5 | 73.1 ± 34.7 | <0.0001 | 50.6 ± 26.7 | 52.2 ± 25.6 | 0.072 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 336.5 123.1 | 361.3 ±124.0 | 0.0009 | 263.6 ±96.7 | 283.8 ±108.1 | 0.0002 | 321.1 ±105.6 | 351.5 ±115.6 | 274.6 ±97.3 | 295.2 ±108.0 | <0.0001 | |
| BMR (kcal) | 1681 ±165 | 1612 ±136 | <0.0001 | 1278 ±149 | 1224 ±110 | <0.0001 | 1405 ±145 | 1372 ±141 | <0.0001 | 1074 ±130 | 1036 ±134 | <0.0001 |
| Intake/BMR ratio | 1.38 ± 0.52 | 1.51 ± 0.53 | <0.0001 | 1.29 ± 0.50 | 1.43 ± 0.54 | <0.0001 | 1.35 ± 0.44 | 1.53 ± 0.51 | <0.0001 | 1.39 ± 0.48 | 1.53 ± 0.54 | <0.0001 |
| Strength exercise | <0.0001 | 0.902 | 0.020 | 0.010 | ||||||||
| Yes | 95 (31.2) | 1,204 (42.8) | 78 (18.4) | 844 (18.6) | 200 (29.0) | 924 (33.7) | 115 (10.8) | 507 (13.8) | ||||
| No | 210 (68.9) | 1,608 (57.2) | 346 (81.6) | 3,684 (81.4) | 489 (71.0) | 1,819 (66.3) | 951 (89.2) | 3,168 (86.2) | ||||
| Flexibility exercise | 0.008 | 0.232 | 0.137 | 0.050 | ||||||||
| Yes | 153 (50.2) | 1,634 (58.1) | 223 (52.6) | 2,518 (55.6) | 316 (45.9) | 1,345 (49.0) | 419 (39.3) | 1,568 (42.7) | ||||
| No | 152 (49.8) | 1,178 (41.9) | 201 (47.4) | 2,010 (44.4) | 373 (54.1) | 1,398 (51.0) | 647 (60.7) | 2,107 (57.3) | ||||
| MET-h/week | 42.9 ± 75.2 | 59.7 ± 87.9 | 0.001 | 40.7 ± 58.7 | 42.3 ± 69.1 | 0.635 | 43.9 ± 64.4 | 66.1 ± 90.6 | <0.0001 | 41.0 ± 75.2 | 51.9 ± 85.4 | 0.0002 |
Std. Dev.
CCVD (cardio-cerebrovascular disease): stroke, MI, angina; cancer: stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, cervical, lung cancer.