TABLE 1.
Clinical and biological characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID‐19
| Characteristics | Total (n = 234) | Normal liver function (n = 78) | Abnormal liver function (n = 156) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 67 ± 14 | 69 ± 14 | 66.5 ± 14 | .21 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male, N (%) | 149 (63.7) | 40 (26.8) | 109 (73.2) | |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||
| Arterial hypertension | 108 (46.2) | 38 (48.7) | 70 (44.9) | .5 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 80 (33.6) | 23 (29.5) | 57 (36.5) | .28 |
| Diabetes | 64 (27.4) | 25 (32.1) | 39 (25) | .25 |
| Chronic liver disease | 9 (3.8) | 3 (3.8) | 6 (3.8) | .6 |
| Malignancy | 30 (12.8) | 12 (15.4) | 18 (11.5) | .4 |
| Immunosuppression | 16 (6.8) | 4 (5.1) | 12 (7.7) | .5 |
| Active smoking | 13 (5.6) | 3 (3.8) | 10 (6.4) | .44 |
| Chronic alcohol consumption | 12 (5.1) | 5 (6.4) | 7 (4.5) | .5 |
| Any | 59 (25.2) | 16 (20.5) | 43 (27.6) | .24 |
| Antihypertensive therapy on admission | ||||
| ACEI/ARB, N (%) | 68 (29.4) | 20 (25.6) | 48 (30.7) | .055 |
| Other (β‐blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blocking agent, etc), N (%) | 35 (15) | 17 (21.8) | 18 (11.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23 (4.5) | 22.1 (4) | 23.5 (4) | .11 |
| Typical symptoms on admission, N (%) (fever, cough, dyspnoea) | 228 (97.4) | 75 (96.2) | 153 (98.1) | .38 |
| Severe disease on admission, N (%) | 114 (49) | 25 (32) | 89 (57) | .0001 |
| Non‐severe disease on admission, N (%) | 120 (51) | 53 (68) | 67 (43) | |
| Time between symptoms onset and hospitalization, d, mean ± SD | 7 (4.8) | 6.5 (5.1) | 7.2 (4.6) | .34 |
| Typical chest CT during hospitalization, a N (%) | 132 (56.4) | 43 (55.1) | 89 (57.1) | .13 |
| Initial hospitalization in ICU, N (%) | 33 (14.1) | 2 (2.5) | 31 (19.9) | .0001 |
| Need for ICU during hospitalization, N (%) | 82 (35) | 14 (17.9) | 68 (43.6) | .001 |
| Intubation and mechanical ventilation during hospitalization, N (%) | 50 (21.4) | 6 (7.7) | 44 (28.2) | .0003 |
| Laboratory tests on admission, mean ± SD | ||||
| AST (U/L) | 45 ± 32 | 24 ± 7 | 57 ± 37.4 | .0001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 37 ± 29 | 19.3 ± 7.8 | 47.2 ± 31.7 | .0001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 79.3 ± 50.5 | 63 ± 20.5 | 87.6 ± 57.5 | .0001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 82 ± 94.8 | 31.8 ± 13 | 106.6 ± 106.4 | .0001 |
| TBil (µmol/L) | 10.4 ± 10.2 | 7.9 ± 3.2 | 11.6 ± 12.1 | .008 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 116 ± 93.5 | 80.4 ± 65.1 | 135 ± 100 | .0001 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.09 ± 0.61 | 1.20 ± 0.62 | 1.04 ± 0.60 | .03 |
| D‐dimer (µg/mL) | 1274 ± 1108 | 1233.8 ± 1121.6 | 1292.1 ± 1111.2 | .49 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 0.76 ± 1.9 | 0.47 ± 1.5 | 0.89 ± 2.0 | .001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 34 ± 8.8 | 35 ± 11 | 33 ± 5 | .24 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 222.7 ± 97 | 232 ± 109.2 | 217 ± 90.6 | .27 |
| ICU length of stay, mean ± SD, d | 7.2 ± 5 | 5.3 ± 5.6 | 7.7 ± 4.8 | .59 |
| Clinical outcomes, N (%) | ||||
| In‐hospital aggravation | 54 (23.1) | 7 (9) | 47 (30.1) | .001 |
| Discharged alive | 149 (63.7) | 52 (66.7) | 97 (62.2) | .09 |
| In‐hospital death | 37 (15.8) | 6 (7.7) | 31 (19.9) | .04 |
Statistically significant values are given in bold.
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C‐reactive protein; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transferase; ICU, intensive care unit; max, maximum; min, minimum; SD, standard deviation; TBil, total bilirubin.
a
According to current guidelines. 9