TABLE 1.
Subject characteristics
| Organ transplant recipients | Organ transplant candidates on the waiting list | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | Household controls | Patients | Household controls | |
| Total subjects | 365 | 306 | 112 | 88 |
| Age (y) | 62 (53-67) | 59 (50-65)* | 58 (52-64) | 59 (54-66) |
| Male sex (%) | 224/362 (62) | 107/301 (36)* | 75/112 (67) | 30/85 (35)* |
| Highest level of education (%) | n = 352 | n = 293 | n = 109 | n = 86 |
| Secondary school (9 y) | 72 (20) | 58 (20) | 20 (18) | 20 (23) |
| Secondary school (10 y) | 156 (44) | 120 (41) | 59 (54) | 42 (49) |
| High school (12-13 y) | 27 (8) | 41 (11) | 7 (6) | 5 (6) |
| University | 97 (28) | 74 (20) | 23 (21) | 19 (22) |
| Liver disease (%) | n = 326 | n = 306 | n = 105 | n = 88 |
| ALD | 64 (20) | 4 (1) | 47 (45) | 2 (2) |
| NAFLD | 36 (11) | 8 (3) | 11 (10) | 3 (3) |
| HBV | 24 (7) | 4 (1) | 7 (7) | 1 (1) |
| HCV | 13 (4) | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 |
| PBC/PSC | 25 (8) | 0 | 10 (10) | 0 |
| Autoimmune | 11 (3) | 0 | 8 (8) | 0 |
| Hemochromatosis | 11 (3) | 1 (0) | 0 | 0 |
| Wilson’s disease | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other/cryptogenic | 140 (43) | 3 (1) | 20 (19) | 0 |
| Pulmonary comorbidity (%) | n = 364 | n = 306 | n = 112 | n = 88 |
| Asthma | 12 (3) | 17 (6) | 4 (4) | 7 (8) |
| COPD | 19 (5) | 7 (2) | 4 (4) | 2 (2) |
| Other | 13 (4) | 6 (2) | 2 (2) | 0 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity (%) | n = 364 | n = 306 | n = 112 | n = 88 |
| Coronary heart disease | 26 (7) | 13 (4)* | 3 (3) | 2 (2) |
| Arterial hypertension | 125 (34) | 82 (27) | 29 (26) | 21 (24) |
| Other | 7(2) | 6 (2) | 0 | 7 (8) |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | n = 364 | n = 306 | n = 112 | n = 88 |
| Type 1 | 25 (7) | 3 (1) | 5 (4) | 4 (5) |
| Type 2 | 100 (27) | 20 (7)* | 34 (30) | 10 (11)* |
| Kidney disease (%) | n = 364 | n = 306 | n = 112 | n = 88 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 96 (26) | 7 (2) | 11 (10) | 1 (1) |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 18 (5) | 2 (1) | 3 (3) | 0 |
| Dialysis | 13 (4) | 0 | 5 (4) | 0 |
| Organ (to be) transplanted (%) | n = 355 | n = 111 | ||
| Liver | 336 (95) | N/A | 106 (95) | N/A |
| Pancreas and kidney | 19 (5) | 5 (5) | ||
| Current smoker (%) | 50/361 (14) | 57/296 (19)* | 20/109 (18) | 16/84 (19) |
| Vaccinated against influenza (%) | 222/364 (61) | 147/297 (49)* | 74/111 (67) | 43/86 (50)* |
| Immunosuppression (%) | n = 359 | |||
| Steroids (%) | 69 (19) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mycophenolate mofetil (%) | 99 (28) | |||
| Calcineurin inhibitors (%) | 306 (85) | |||
| mTOR inhibitors (%) | 78 (22) | |||
| Wearing personal protective gear (gloves/face mask) when leaving the house (%) | 281/360 (78) | 191/299 (64)* | 77/110 (70) | 51/84 (61) |
| Washing hands more frequently than before COVID-19 (%) | 335/362 (93) | 285/296 (96) | 102/110 (93) | 84/85 (99) |
| COVID-19 contact (%) | 7 (2) | 7 (2) | 0 | 3 (4) |
| Infection with SARS-CoV-2 (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Note. Baseline characteristics are depicted as frequencies or medians with interquartiles.
Abbreviations: ALD, alcoholic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus 19; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; N/A, not applicable; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.
*
P < .05 from Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test or McNemar test comparing patients and their household controls. Total number of responses are indicated for each item.