Table 2.
Associations Between Psychological Distress and Felt Stigma and HIV Prevention Outcomes, Generations U.S. National Probability Sample of Sexual Minority Men
| Tested for HIV (N = 277) |
Used latex barrier (N = 285) |
Familiar with PrEP (N = 284) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main effects, aOR (95% CI) | Interaction, aOR (95% CI) | Main effects, aOR (95% CI) | Interaction, aOR (95% CI) | Main effects, aOR (95% CI) | Interaction, aOR (95% CI) | |
| Psychological distress | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) |
| Felt stigma | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 0.64 (0.45–0.92)* | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | 0.82 (0.55–1.21) | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 0.56 (0.35–0.89)* |
| Psychological distress × felt stigma | — | 0.93 (0.87–1.00)*,a | — | 0.92 (0.86–0.99)* | — | 0.90 (0.82–0.98)* |
| Age cohort (Ref. = 19–26) | ||||||
| 35–42 | 1.75 (0.80–3.86) | 1.98 (0.91–4.33) | 0.57 (0.25–1.30) | 0.64 (0.29–1.42) | 0.96 (0.26–3.57) | 1.16 (0.31–4.39) |
| 53–60 | 0.82 (0.37–1.82) | 0.87 (0.39–1.93) | 0.22 (0.09–0.54)** | 0.22 (0.09–0.55)** | 0.39 (0.14–1.07) | 0.39 (0.15–1.01) |
| Sexual identity (Ref. = Gay) | ||||||
| Bisexual | 0.95 (0.39–2.29) | 1.06 (0.45–2.52) | 1.23 (0.50–3.00) | 1.41 (0.59–3.42) | 0.17 (0.06–0.49)** | 0.16 (0.06–0.46)** |
| Other minority identity | 0.87 (0.27–2.80) | 1.00 (0.31–3.24) | 0.87 (0.30–2.56) | 1.02 (0.36–2.85) | 0.35 (0.08–1.56) | 0.40 (0.10–1.67) |
| Race/ethnicity (Ref. = White) | ||||||
| Black/African American | 2.03 (0.64–6.45) | 1.78 (0.53–5.92) | 4.08 (1.39–11.97)* | 3.60 (1.25–10.37)* | 1.37 (0.27–6.85) | 1.18 (0.25–5.64) |
| Latinx/Hispanic | 1.54 (0.65–3.63) | 1.66 (0.74–3.72) | 2.37 (1.00–5.60)*,b | 2.66 (1.14–6.19)* | 0.39 (0.14–1.10) | 0.38 (0.13–1.06) |
| Education (Ref. = HS or less) | ||||||
| More than HS | 0.81 (0.39–1.67) | 0.71 (0.36–1.43) | 1.69 (0.77–3.69) | 1.49 (0.68–3.24) | 2.27 (0.91–5.62) | 2.05 (0.83–5.05) |
| Use PrEP (Ref. = no) | ||||||
| Yes | — | — | 1.07 (0.36–3.15) | 0.92 (0.30–2.81) | — | — |
In the interaction models, exponentiated coefficients are reported for the interaction terms. Covariates (age cohort, sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and education; the latex barrier model also included PrEP use as a covariate) were included in both the main effects and interaction models.
p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.
Rounded CIs are presented for ease of interpretation. The full CI for this statistic is (0.8655–0.9997), p = 0.049.
Rounded CIs are presented for ease of interpretation. The full CI for this statistic is (1.0045–5.6016), p = 0.049.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HS, high school.