Table 4.
Associations between different types of intimate partner violence and nutritional status, measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) among married Nepalese women of reproductive age (N = 3293)
| BMI with physical violence | BMI with sexual violence | BMI with emotional violence | BMI with controlling behaviours | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Vs. Underweight | Normal Vs. Overweight | Normal Vs. Underweight | Normal Vs. Overweight | Normal Vs. Underweight | Normal Vs. Overweight | Normal Vs. Underweight | Normal Vs. Overweight | |
| Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | Adj. RRR (95%, CI) | |
| Experience of intimate partner violence (ref: no) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.80–1.39) | 0.67** (0.50–0.88) | 1.24 (0.85–1.83) | 0.83 (0.49–0.86) | 1.30 (0.98–1.83) | 0.97 (0.65–1.44) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) |
| Woman’s age | 0.98* (0.96–0.99) | 1.05*** (1.04–1.07) | 0.98* (0.96–0.99) | 1.05*** (1.03–1.06) | 0.98* (0.96–0.99) | 1.05*** (1.04–1.06) | 0.98* (0.96–0.99) | 1.05*** (1.03–1.06) |
| Woman’s schooling years | 0.96* (0.92–0.99) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.96* (0.92–0.99) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.96* (0.92–0.99) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.96* (0.92–0.99) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) |
| Family size | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
| Caste/ethnicity (ref: Dalit) | ||||||||
| Muslim | 1.62 (0.92–2.86) | 0.67 (0.33–1.36) | 1.62 (0.92–2.85) | 0.67 (0.33–1.38) | 1.65 (0.93–2.90) | 0.67 (0.33–1.36) | 1.63 (0.92–2.87) | 0.67 (0.33–1.35) |
| Janajati | 0.55* (0.37–0.81) | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 0.55** (0.37–0.80) | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) | 0.55** (0.37–0.81) | 1.13 (0.81–1.56) | 0.54** (0.37–0.80) | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) |
| Other terai caste | 1.00 (0.62–1.62) | 0.44*** (0.27–0.72) | 1.00 (0.62–1.62) | 0.44*** (0.27–0.73) | 1.01 (0.62–1.64) | 0.44*** (0.27–0.72) | 1.00 (0.62–1.62) | 0.44*** (0.27–0.73) |
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 0.54* (0.36–0.79) | 0.62** (0.44–0.87) | 0.53* (0.36–0.78) | 0.65* (0.46–0.92) | 0.54** (0.37–0.80) | 0.66* (0.47–0.92) | 0.53** (0.36–0.78) | 0.65* (0.47–0.91) |
| Other | 0.46 (0.18–1.19) | 1.04 (0.65–1.69) | 0.46 (0.18–1.19) | 1.04 (0.64–1.68) | 0.45 (0.17–1.16) | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) | 0.46 (0.18–1.18) | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) |
| Place of residence (ref: urban) | ||||||||
| Rural | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) |
| Wealth quintiles (ref: poorest) | ||||||||
| Second poorest | 1.14 (0.83–1.58) | 1.98*** (1.38–2.83) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 1.96*** (1.37–2.81) | 1.15 (0.83–1.60) | 1.97*** (1.38–2.81) | 1.15 (0.83–1.59) | 1.97*** (1.38–2.82) |
| Middle | 0.79 (0.54–1.15) | 1.63* (1.09–2.44) | 0.79 (0.54–1.15) | 1.62* (1.08–2.41) | 0.79 (0.54–1.15) | 1.62* (1.08–2.41) | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) | 1.62* (1.09–2.42) |
| Second richest | 1.02 (0.66–1.56) | 4.20*** (2.89–6.09) | 1.02 (0.66–1.56) | 4.21*** (2.91–6.10) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 4.21*** (2.91–6.08) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 4.25*** (2.93–6.18) |
| Richest | 0.47* (0.25–0.90) | 9.44*** (6.05–14.73) | 0.47* (0.25–0.90) | 9.51*** (6.11–14.83) | 0.48* (0.25–0.90) | 9.50*** (6.10–14.78) | 0.47* (0.25–0.90) | 9.53*** (6.11–14.85) |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; Adj. RRR Adjusted Relative Risk Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, ref. Reference Category