TABLE 2.

A chronological review of the classical uses of Moore swabs and methods thereof for the filtration of typhoidal Salmonella from environmental samples^a

Author(s)	Publication yr	Organism(s)	Prompting circumstances	Location(s)	Sampling site(s)	Date(s)	Time in situ	Bacteriological methodsb	Reference
Moore	1948	S. Paratyphi B	A paratyphoid outbreak in a small coast town from June–August 1946 yielded 25 diagnosed cases of paratyphoid fever and preceded by sporadic cases: two in 1943, three in 1944, and six in 1945. Sewer samples remained positive for paratyphoid B bacilli for 18 mo after	North Devon, UK	Municipal sewers (25 manholes)	1946–1948	48 h	Selenite-F broth, desoxycholate-citrate medium, Vi-bacteriophage typing	10
Moore	1950	S. Typhi	Modification of bacteriological methods to detect Salmonella Typhi in sewers and a description of various comparative experiments on the relative efficiency of standard bacteriology methods	North Devon, UK	Municipal sewers	Not reported	48 h	Nutrient broth, Wilson and Blair agar, selenite enrichment broth, mannitol-lead-acetate medium, lactose-sucrose medium, agglutination, biochemical and serological testing, Vi-bacteriophage typing	13
Cruickshank	1950		Review of Vi antibody tests, culture media, systematic sewer tracing, and Vi-bacteriophage typing for their utility and importance						19
Jones	1951	S. Typhi	A sporadic case of typhoid fever in a hospital engineer who cleaned the hospital sewer was diagnosed 14 mo after a massive hospital outbreak involving 125 cases	Oswestry, UK	Hospital sewer: Main and six traps	28 July 1949 to 13 March 1950	48 h	Selenite-F broth, deoxycholate citrate agar, Wilson and Blair agar	64
Lendon and Mackenzie	1951	S. Typhi	Two cases of typhoid fever in 1944 and three cases in 1948 appeared independently associated with a particular river located next to a sewer overflow	Purbrook, UK	Municipal sewers	1948–1949	5–7 days	Selenite-F broth, deoxycholate citrate agar, Wilson and Blair agar	56
Moore, Perry, and Chard	1952	S. Typhi, Paratyphi	1–4 cases occurring every 1–4 years since 1930, suggestive of a local human reservoir of infection	Sidmouth, UK	Municipal sewers	1946–1949	48 h	Nutrient broth, selenite-F broth, Wilson and Blair agar, Hynes’ deoxycholate-citrate medium, agglutination, biochemical and serological testing, Vi-bacteriophage typing	18
Kwantes and Speedy	1955	S. Paratyphi	Outbreaks of paratyphoid fever occurred in 17 people in 1952 and 5 people in 1953, prompting suspicions of a paratyphoid carrier	Goodwick, Wales, UK	Water Closet (Direct toilet)	1954	3–4 days	Selenite-F broth, Wilson and Blair agar	45
Kelly, Clark, and Coleman	1955	Coxsackie, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, S. Typhi	Five cases of typhoid fever occurred over 3 years in families living within 1 mile of a creek downstream of a sewage plant	New York State, USA	Sewage plants, sewers	Not reported	4 days	Buffered 30% glycerol, tetrathionate medium, bismuth sulfite agar, modified Endo's agar, Vi-bacteriophage typing	134
Murdock and Lawson	1955	S. Typhi	Several cases of typhoid fever in adolescents—three in 1951, three in 1953, and two in 1954—were of the same Vi-phage type C and seemed linked to a pair of streams	Belfast, Northern Ireland	Stream, fishpond	1954	72 h	Selenite-F broth, bismuth sulfite medium, Vi-bacteriophage typing	57
Hobbs	1956	S. Typhi	A 7-year-old boy diagnosed with typhoid fever from unknown source reportedly played near sewage overflow from heavy rains. Five historical cases of typhoid had occurred over the past 28 years	Farnham, UK	Municipal sewers	1955	3 days	Not reported	60
Greenberg, Wickenden, and Lee	1957	S. Typhi	A carrier was suspected in four cases of typhoid fever occurring over 5 years	Portola, CA	Municipal sewers	20 February to 1 April 1957	48 h	Selenite-F, bismuth sulfite agar, TSI, urea agar, Vi-bacteriophage typing	40
Shearer, Browne, Gordon, and Hollister	1959	S. Typhi							61
Bloom, Mack, and Mallmann	1958	Salmonella spp.	Methods were compared to isolate Salmonella from sewage before, after, and downstream from sewage plants and pumping stations	Lansing and East Lansing, MI	Sewage plants and pumping stations	October 1956 to December 1957	24–72 h	Tetrathionate broth, selenite brilliant green medium, bismuth sulfite agar, biochemical and serological testing	135
Robinson	1958	S. Typhi	Surveillance in a local mental health hospital where known carriers of S. Typhi and Paratyphi resided	Not reported	Hospital sewer	Not reported	48 h	5 different liquid media, 4 different solid media	62
Bowmer, Hudson, and Sunderland	1959	S. Typhi	Four cases of typhoid fever of the same phage type were diagnosed in 1953, 1955–1957	Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada	Storm drains	18 February to 1 April 1957	48 h	Nutrient broth, bismuth sulfite agar, biochemical and serological testing	58
Pilsworth	1960	S. Typhi	20 cases of typhoid fever between August 1950 and December 1956, some of similar phage types	West Mersea, UK	Municipal sewers: 11 drainage areas and 1 pump	November 1952 to May 1954	3 days	Sterile saline, selenite broth, selenite brilliant green broth, deoxycholate citrate agar, Wilson and Blair agar, biochemical and serological testing, Vi-bacteriophage typing	63
Bokkenheuser	1964		Review of Vi antibody tests, chronic carrier state, specimen transportation, enrichment media, isolation media, sewage, and bacteriophage typing for the detection of typhoid carriers						14
Callaghan and Brodie	1968	S. Typhi	Laboratory aspects of a large postoutbreak surveillance program	Aberdeen, Scotland	Large-diameter municipal sewers	July 1964 to September 1966	7 days	Ringer solution, mannitol selenite broth, modified bismuth sulfite agar, modified Salmonella-Shigella agar, biochemical and serological tests, Vi-bacteriophage typing	136
Moore	1971		Review of history of sanitation and bacteriology practices important in typhoid investigations and control, and discussion of challenges ahead						12
Conn, Heymann, Jamieson, McWilliam, and Scott	1972	S. Typhi	Eight cases in Edinburgh from 1963–1970; in summer 1970, three of these directly connected with drinking from the Water of Leith river	Edinburgh, UK	River, draining surface water, household sewage	27 July to 27 October 2019	7 days	Selenite-F broth, deoxycholate citrate agar, MacConkey medium, Kohn's two-tube medium, biochemical and serological tests, phage typing	55
McGinnis and DeWalle	1983		Review of the data available on the movement and survival of typhoid bacilli under various environmental conditions, including soil, septic tanks, sewers, and rivers						54
Sears, Ferreccio, Levine, Cordano, Monreal, Black, Ottone, Rowe, and Chilean Typhoid Committee	1984	S. Typhi	Urban endemicity in a modern industrialized metropolitan area where a majority of household sewage is left untreated prior to its use in crop irrigation	Santiago, Chile	Rivers and irrigation canals	January to March 1983	48–72 h	Selenite-F broth, Salmonella-Shigella agar, bismuth sulfite agar, deoxycholate-citrate agar, triple sugar iron agar slants	76

^aGray shading indicates review articles.

^bWilson and Blair agar is bismuth sulfite agar and is sometimes modified in modern preparations. The terminology above follows the citation.