Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients by primary diagnosis at enrollment
| Characteristics | Patients With PsA (n = 782) | Patients With RA (n = 34378) | P (Users; PsA vs. RA) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotic Users (n = 29) | Nonusers (n = 753) | P | Probiotic Users (n = 1019) | Nonusers (n = 33 091) | P | ||
| Probiotic use baseline, % | 0.9 | … | … | 0.7 | … | … | 0.51 |
| Probiotic use ever, % | 3.7 | … | … | 3.0 | … | … | 0.24 |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 55.30 ± 12.22 | 53.19 ± 12.34 | 0.37 | 59.19 ± 11.75 | 58.43 ± 13.53 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Female, % | 86.2 | 70.0 | 0.06 | 93.4 | 79.4 | <0.001 | 0.13 |
| White, % | 96.2 | 91.5 | 0.72 | 94.2 | 86.0 | <0.001 | 1 |
| Education, mean ± SD, y | 14.92 ± 2.23 | 14.52 ± 2.21 | 0.36 | 14.35 ± 2.40 | 13.33 ± 2.87 | <0.001 | 0.23 |
| Household income, mean ±SD, 1000 USD | 61.96 ± 34.81 | 61.42 ± 33.75 | 0.93 | 61.25 ± 34.43 | 49.28 ± 32.45 | <0.001 | 0.91 |
| RDCI, mean ± SD, 0‐9 | 2.17 ± 1.28 | 1.80 ± 1.60 | 0.22 | 1.87 ± 1.65 | 1.70 ± 1.54 | <0.001 | 0.33 |
| Turmeric use, % | 3.4 | 0.7 | 0.20 | 2.2 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
| Fish oil use, % | 34.5 | 8.6 | <0.001 | 16.0 | 4.7 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| Vitamin D use, % | 20.7 | 10.2 | 0.11 | 17.4 | 6.9 | <0.001 | 0.62 |
| DMARD use, % | 51.7 | 58.6 | 0.57 | 76.5 | 74.4 | 0.13 | <0.01 |
| NSAID use, % | 62.1 | 49.7 | 0.26 | 52.6 | 55.8 | 0.04 | 0.35 |
| PPI use, % | 41.4 | 26.8 | 0.09 | 33.8 | 22.7 | <0.001 | 0.43 |
| Pain VAS, mean ± SD, 0‐10 | 5.07 ± 3.03 | 4.09 ± 2.84 | 0.07 | 4.01 ± 2.74 | 4.15 ± 2.85 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
| SF‐36 PCS, mean ± SD, 0‐100 | 35.26 ± 10.94 | 38.45 ± 11.29 | 0.15 | 36.52 ± 10.76 | 36.24 ± 10.83 | 0.44 | 0.55 |
| SF‐36 MCS, mean ± SD, 0‐100 | 43.99 ± 12.55 | 46.57 ± 11.70 | 0.26 | 48.85 ± 11.19 | 47.77 ± 11.87 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| HAQ‐II, mean ± SD, 0‐3 | 4.08 ± 2.42 | 3.48 ± 2.29 | 0.18 | 3.78 ± 2.18 | 3.93 ± 2.27 | 0.09 | 0.49 |
| PAS‐II, mean ± SD, 0‐10 | 1.00 ± 0.65 | 0.79 ± 0.65 | 0.09 | 1.00 ± 0.66 | 1.03 ± 0.68 | 0.26 | 0.99 |
Abbreviation: DMARD, disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug; HAQ‐II, Health Assessment Questionnaire II; MCS, Mental Component Summary; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; PAS‐II, Patient Activity Scale II; PCS, Physical Component Summary; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RDCI, Rheumatic Diseases Comorbidity Index; SF‐36; Short Form 36; USD, US dollars; VAS, visual analog scale.
Bold values indicates P < 0.05.